CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CERVIX IN DISEASES

Аннотация

Cervical diseases have important clinical significance for women's reproductive health. This topic will cover the main types of cervical diseases, their symptoms, methods of diagnosis and treatment. In particular, pathologies such as cervical cancer, erosions, polyps, stenosis, inflammatory diseases and HPV infection are analyzed. Cervical cancer is associated with human papillomavirus (HPV), and the importance of Pap and HPV testing is emphasized in early diagnosis. The clinical signs of erosions and polyps, and the consequences of inflammatory processes are also highlighted. Cervical pathologies not only increase the risk of cancer, but can also provoke problems such as infertility and miscarriage. Keywords: cervix, endometrium, myometrium, perimeter Histological Structure Of The Uterus The uterus (uterus) consists of three main layers, each with its own histological structure: 1. The endometrium: This is the inner layer of the uterus, divided into two layers: A basal layer: it has a permanent structure and participates in the regeneration process. A functional layer: it varies depending on the hormonal cycle and falls out during menstruation. The endometrium is covered with a multilayered cylindrical epithelium and contains many glands. 2. Myometrium: Выпуск журнала №-19 Часть–3_ Февраль –2025 362 MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT This is the middle muscular layer of the uterus, consisting of smooth muscle tissue. The myometrium provides contractions of the uterus and performs its main function during childbirth. 3. Perimeter: This is the outer layer of the uterus, consisting of connective tissue. The perimeter separates the uterus from other organs and supports it. Anatomical Parts Of The Uterus The uterus (uterus) plays an important role in a woman's reproductive system and is divided into three main anatomical parts: 1. Fundus of the uterus (upper part of the uterus): This is the wide part of the uterus located above and connecting to the ovarian tract (fallopian tubes). During pregnancy, this part expands significantly. 2. The body of the uterus (the body of the uterus): this is the main and largest part of the uterus. The inner layer is lined with endometrium and is a place necessary for fetal development. 3. The cervix (Cervix): -this is the lower part of the uterus, which connects to the vaginal canal. The cervix consists of external and internal openings that change during ovulation and childbirth. The internal cavity of the uterus consists of three parts: * Uterine cavity (uterine cavity): the place where the fetus develops. * Canalis Cervicalis (cervical canal): connects the vaginal canal and the uterine cavity. Ostium Materi (internal and external orifice of the uterus): ensures the outflow of mucus during ovulation and the menstrual cycle. The cervix (cervix) is morphologically divided into two main parts: 1. Endocervix: Выпуск журнала №-19 Часть–3_ Февраль –2025 363 MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT This part is the internal canal of the uterus, lined with cylindrical epithelial cells. The endocervix connects the uterine cavity and the vaginal canal. It produces mucus, which changes during the cycle and ovulation under the influence of hormones. 2. Exocervix: This part is connected to the vaginal canal and is covered with squamous epithelial cells. The exocervix is visible from the outside and is often examined during diagnostic examinations. There is an area in the cervix called the transformation zone. At this point, the squamous epithelium and the cylindrical epithelium merge into each other. The transformation zone is considered to be a zone of increased risk of pathological changes, including developing into cancer. The Clinical Significance Of The Cervix In Diseases The cervix is associated with a number of diseases and pathological conditions, the clinical significance of which is very high: 1. Cervical cancer: It is a common cancer in women and in many cases is associated with HPV infection. It is asymptomatic in the early stages, so early diagnosis is very important. 2. Cervical erosion: caused by damage to the epithelial layer. Symptoms: vaginal discharge, bleeding, pain during sexual intercourse. It is determined by colposcopy and cytological examination. 3. Polyps: the endocervical canal or tumor-like formations that develop in the exocervix. o symptoms: mixed blood discharge, menstrual irregularity. 4. Narrowing of the Cervix (Stenosis): narrowing of the cervical canal as a result of injury or inflammation. Выпуск журнала №-19 Часть–3_ Февраль –2025 364 MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT It causes problems with fertility and menstrual cycle. 5. Inflammatory Diseases: cervicitis (inflammation of the cervix) occurs as a result of sexually transmitted infections or diseases. Symptoms: vaginal discharge, pain in the lower abdomen, fever. 6. HPV infection: HPV causes abnormal changes in the cells of the cervix and increases the risk of cancer. The HPV vaccine is important for prevention.