MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE YELLOW BODY IN WOMEN

Аннотация

The corpus luteum is an important structure of the ovarian membrane after ovulation, which is formed from a ruptured follicle and produces sex hormones – progesterone and a small amount of estrogen. These hormones prepare the uterine lining for implantation and help maintain pregnancy. The corpus luteum consists of granulose lutein and theca lutein cells, each of which performs a specific function in the hormone production process. This process is supported by blood vessels and connective tissue. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum regresses and turns into a white body (white body). Conversely, when fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone in the early stages of pregnancy. The formation, structure and functions of the corpus luteum play an important role in managing a woman's reproductive cycle, as well as in creating the hormonal environment necessary for pregnancy. Key words: progesterone, estrogen, Granulose lutein cells, teca lutein cells, ovarian cortex, follicular regression. The ovaries (ovaries) are the female sex glands that produce eggs and produce sex hormones (estrogens and progesterones). The histological structure of the ovaries is complex, they consist of several layers and structures. The main histological structures of the ovaries are described below: 1. The outer layer (lining the epithelium) * The outer part of the ovaries is covered with a single-layered cubic or squamous epithelium. * This covering epithelium is part of the peritoneum. Выпуск журнала №-19 Часть–3_ Февраль –2025 397 MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT 2. The protein shell * A thin layer of connective tissue located under the integumentary epithelium. * Provides the structural strength of the ovary. 3. The cortical (cortical) part It makes up the main part of the ovary. * Here are the follicles (eggs and the cells that surround them).: Primordial follicles are underdeveloped, consist of flat cells enclosed in a single layer. Primary follicles – the egg is surrounded by cuboid follicular cells. Secondary follicles – antral cavity begins to form in these follicles. The Graaf follicle (seven–level follicle) is a mature follicle containing an egg ready for ovulation. * The cortical part also contains collagen fibers and cellular elements. 4. Medullary (gill) part * The inside of the ovary. It is rich in large blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers. * Consists mainly of connective tissue. 5. Follicles * Each follicle consists of an egg and the cells that surround it: Granulosa cells produce estrogens. Participates in the synthesis of cells of theca – follicular hormones. 6. Yellow body (yellow body) * After ovulation, follicle cavities appear in its place. * Produces the hormone progesterone. * If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum gradually regresses and turns into a white body (white body). 7. Stroma It is the basis of the ovary and consists of connective tissue. * The stroma also contains hormone-producing cells. Выпуск журнала №-19 Часть–3_ Февраль –2025 398 MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT This ovarian structure changes at different stages of female sexual activity (for example, during puberty, pregnancy, and menopause). The structure and formation of the corpus luteum in the ovarian membrane The corpus luteum (corpus luteum) is an important structure of the ovarian membrane that forms from the follicle after the ovulation process. The corpus luteum is involved in the production of female sex hormones, in particular progesterone and a small amount of estrogen. These hormones play an important role in maintaining pregnancy and preparing the uterine lining for implantation. Formation of the yellow body: 1. The ovulation process: During ovulation, the mature Graaf follicle ruptures and the egg leaves the ovary. Blood vessels and fluid accumulate in the cavity of the ruptured follicle. 2. Follicle metamorphosis: Granulosa follicle cells and theca cells undergo proliferation. These cells undergo luteinization (i.e., yellow pigments, lutein, begin to accumulate). These cells are known as granulose luteal cells and theca luteal cells. 3. Development of blood vessels: The corpus luteum is enriched with blood vessels. In this process, the growth of blood vessels is activated by an increase in the level of lutein hormones. 4. Hormone secretion: The corpus luteum mainly produces progesterone and some estrogen. These hormones prepare the lining of the uterus for changes. The structure of the yellow body: 1. Granulose luteal cells: It is formed from the granulosa cells of the follicle. It produces progesterone and a small amount of estrogen. They are large and round, and their cytoplasm is rich in the pigment lutein. 2. Tech's luteal cells: Выпуск журнала №-19 Часть–3_ Февраль –2025 399 MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT It is formed from the inner layer of the theca follicle. Granulose is smaller and more dense than luteal cells. By producing androgens, granulose crea