MAIN PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION.

Аннотация

В данной статье рассматриваются основные проблемы, возникающие в процессе перевода. Освещаются ключевые лингвистические и культурные трудности, с которыми сталкиваются переводчики, включая лексические, грамматические, стилистические, культурные и прагматические аспекты. На основе примеров и теоретических положений подчёркивается важность контекста, культурной осведомлённости и коммуникативного намерения для достижения точного и адекватного перевода. Обсуждение направлено на углублённое понимание перевода как сложного акта межкультурной коммуникации, а не просто языкового преобразования. Ключевые слова : Перевод, лексические проблемы, грамматические трудности, стилистические особенности, культурные реалии, прагматическая адаптация, теория перевода, межъязыковая коммуникация, межкультурная компетенция, эквивалентность. https://scientific-jl.com 2 8 45-son_3-to’plam_May -2025 ISSN:3030-3621 Ta'lim innovatsiyasi va integratsiyasi Translation is not merely the mechanical substitution of words from one language to another; it is a complex process of cross-linguistic and cross-cultural communication. The translator faces a variety of challenges that can be broadly classified into lexical, grammatical, stylistic, cultural, and pragmatic problems. Lexical problems in translation arise due to the divergence in vocabulary, semantic structures, and conceptual systems across languages. Lexical units carry not only denotative (literal) meaning but also connotative (emotional, cultural) implications. A successful translation requires careful selection of the target language equivalent that preserves both the meaning and stylistic tone of the source language unit. Polysemy and Homonymy Polysemy refers to a single word having multiple related meanings. For example, the word bright can mean "full of light" or "intelligent." He is a bright student should be translated as Он способный студент (not Он яркий студент, which would be a literal and misleading rendering). Homonymy involves words that are spelled or sound the same but have entirely different meanings. For example, in English: Bank can refer to a financial institution or the side of a river. A sentence like He sat on the bank and looked at the water must be carefully interpreted to avoid translating it as Он сидел в банке и смотрел на воду. To resolve such ambiguity, the translator must rely on context and background knowledge. Failure to do so leads to semantic errors or miscommunication[^1]. Non-equivalent Lexical Items Non-equivalent vocabulary refers to words or phrases in the source language for which there is no direct counterpart in the target language. These include: Culturally bound terms: The Uzbek term mahalla refers to a deeply rooted social institution combining administrative, religious, and communal functions. An English-speaking audience unfamiliar with this concept requires an explanatory translation like a traditional neighborhood community in Uzbekistan with cultural and administrative functions. Institutional names or practices: For instance, the Russian term субботник (voluntary Saturday labor for public good) has no direct equivalent in English. It is often translated descriptively: voluntary communal work performed on a Saturday. Idiomatic expressions or wordplay: The Russian expression душа нараспашку (literally: "soul wide open") is not directly translatable and may be rendered as an open- hearted person or a person who wears their heart on their sleeve, depending on context. These lexical gaps are usually addressed through: •Descriptive translation •Footnotes or glossaries •Borrowing (especially for culturally important terms) https://scientific-jl.com 2 9 45-son_3-to’plam_May -2025 ISSN:3030-3621 Ta'lim innovatsiyasi va integratsiyasi Functional equivalents, where culturally analogous terms are substituted (with care) Ultimately, lexical translation problems emphasize the translator’s role not just as a language converter, but as a cultural mediator [^1]:Barkhudarov, L.S. Language and Translation. Moscow: Grammatical differences between languages can make literal or direct translation problematic. These differences affect sentence structure, verb forms, agreement systems, word order, and the use or absence of grammatical categories such as articles, aspects, or gender. A translator must understand not only the grammar of both languages but also how grammar affects meaning and communicativeintent. While many languages express time through verbal tenses, the way they do so may vary significantly. For instance, English distinguishes between several aspects— simple, continuous, perfect, and perfect continuous—each conveying subtle nuances of time and completion. Russian, on the other hand, expresses aspect primarily through verb pairs: perfective (completed action) and imperfective (ongoing or habitual action), often without distinct tense markers for those nuances. Example: Я читал эту книгу. This sentence uses the imperfective aspect (читал) a