CHANGES IN ANATOMICAL PARAMETERS OF INTERNAL ORGANS WHEN EXPOSED TO ETHYL ALCOHOL (REVIEW OF LITERATURE)

Аннотация

This article presents modern medical views on the analysis of research on the morphological aspects of alcohol effects on the internal organs of the human body. The analysis of the literature confirms that the changes in the internal organs observed during alcohol intoxication are practically irreversible, as the compensatory capabilities of the body are disrupted. Key words: ethanol, acetaldehyde, patamorphological changes, acute and chronic alcohol intoxication. At the present stage, the study of the mechanisms of alcohol's influence on the human body, as well as the likelihood of irreversible changes in the functioning of the human body with regular consumption of large doses of alcoholic beverages, is a popular topic of scientific research. In this regard, the study of the problem of alcohol's effect on the human body is very relevant today. Alcohol abuse is one of the most important factors influencing the occurrence and course of chronic diseases, as well as one of the direct or indirect causes of early disability of a relatively young and able-bodied population. In direct dependence on the level of alcohol consumption by the population, there is a dangerously high prevalence of alcoholic pathology of internal organs (alcoholic cardiomyopathy, alcoholic liver disease, alcoholic encephalopathy, etc.) [14]. The progress of civilization should be connected with the spiritual self- improvement of people, with the rejection of the absolutization of material values and the revival of harmony between man and nature in the spirit of the best achievements of the people. The imbalance in human relations with nature is the root cause of all Выпуск журнала №-18 Часть–4_ Январь –2025 293 MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT diseases of civilization. Modern civilization is characterized by a significant increase in the number of diseases, which are based on the perverted inclinations of the individua. These include tobacco smoking, alcoholism, drug addiction, substance abuse, AIDS, hepatitis, and others [32,33]. Recently, the use of surrogate drinks has increased significantly, which reduces the quality and life expectancy of users, which subsequently leads to disability and premature death. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 2.5 million people die each year as a result of consuming surrogate drinks [10,24,26]. The research of I.V. Beynikov (2016) established that alcohol surrogate poisoning causes a significant synchronous change in the blood plasma and erythrocytes of patients and a violation of one of the links in the pathogenesis of severe tissue and organ disorders, which should be taken into account when developing approaches to correcting metabolic disorders [4]. With sudden death from alcoholic cardiomyopathy, morphological changes in the kidneys are observed, manifested in the form of tubular epithelial dystrophy. As a result of damage to the histohematic barrier of the renal capillaries, dyscirculatory damage occurs, which exacerbates the violation of vascular permeability of the vascular wall [18, 28, 31]. The results of epidemiological and experimental studies have shown that excessive ethanol consumption causes more than 60 types of diseases and, depending on the dose, is a cause contributing to the development of a large number of other diseases [27,29]. According to literature sources, in some cases, people who consume alcoholic beverages in moderation may show signs of alcoholic damage to internal organs [6]. The condition of KHAI occurs when alcohol is consumed in quantities exceeding the individual capabilities of the body, as well as the consumer's dehydrogenase systems to oxidize the incoming latter and its metabolites, resulting in the development of alcoholic illness, which can acquire mental or somatic pathology with a predominant lesion of the "target organs" [13]. Выпуск журнала №-18 Часть–4_ Январь –2025 294 MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT Morphological changes in the studied organs, indicating the toxic effects of ethanol, develop in parallel and interrelated ways [1]. The morphometric characteristics of the effect of prenatal alcoholism on the vessels of the microcirculatory bed and neurons of the human brain have been studied [19]. Under conditions of prenatal alcoholism, a decrease in the diameter and perimeter of capillaries was found, leading to a deterioration in vascularization of brain tissue, as well as a decrease in the size of neuroblasts [20]. The organs of the digestive system are the first to experience the effects of alcohol upon contact. In the organs of this system, metabolic processes inside cells are disrupted [9]. It should be emphasized that ethanol has hyperosmic and lipotropic effects, which in the area of ionic membrane channels contribute to a change in the state of aggregation of lipids [11] and an increase in cholesterol content occurs in them, the structure of the phospholipid layer changes, and the function of membrane enzymes is disrupted [1