INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES OF THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF THE ORAL CAVITY

Аннотация

Stomatitis is an inflammatory process on the oral mucosa caused by the immune system's reaction to an irritant from the external environment. It manifests itself as swelling, redness and ulcers on the walls of the mucous membranes. This disease requires immediate treatment. If you delay, you cannot do without antibiotics, stomatitis spreads to healthy tissues. In addition, the patient cannot eat food calmly, he is bothered by a burning sensation, painful sensations when chewing food and talking. Key words : primary inflammation, stomatitis, harmful microorganisms, propolis infusion, swelling, redness. The oral mucosa is an indicator that reflects the work and condition of the internal organs and systems of the entire body. Inflammatory diseases of the oral mucosa are pathologies that affect patients of different ages. Inflammatory pathology of the oral mucosa, like other diseases of the oral cavity, causes the patient some discomfort and disrupts the usual rhythm of life: speech, eating, sleep. Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Andrey Vladimirovich Sevbitov noted that the inflammatory process in the oral mucosa can be influenced by various factors: (bacterial, viral, infectious, traumatic, etc. ) [ 20] . When the mucous membrane covering the hard and soft palate, lips, gums, cheeks, floor of the mouth, lower and back surface of the tongue becomes inflamed, it is stomatitis. To this day, chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis remains one of the most common diseases of the oral mucosa in the practice of a dentist. According to the World Health Organization, this pathology affects up to 20% of the population. Выпуск журнала №-18 Часть–4_ Январь –2025 266 MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT Patients experience severe pain and burning from a variety of irritants, including during speech and eating, which in turn leads to a decrease in social adaptation [1]. The oral mucosa has a number of features: it is resistant to the effects of physical, thermal and chemical irritants, prevents the introduction of infectious agents, and has an increased regenerative capacity [ 2]. At the same time, for colonization by microorganisms, the process of protein adsorption and bacterial adhesion seems to be more important than mechanical attachment of bacteria [16]. Inflammatory pathology of the mucous membrane, like other diseases of the oral cavity, causes the patient a certain discomfort and disrupts the usual rhythm of life: speech, eating, sleep [ 22] . The development of clinical manifestations of chronic aphthous stomatitis is preceded by a prodromal period, which occurs with discomfort in the oral cavity, subfebrile temperature, and mild malaise. Subsequently, against the background of hyperemic mucosa, a primary element is formed - aphtha, which is a superficial round ulcer 3-5 mm in diameter, covered with fibrinous plaque surrounded by an edematous bright pink rim. Aphthous rashes are usually multiple; localized in the area of the transitional fold, lateral surfaces of the tongue, mucous membrane of the cheeks and lips. Aphthae cause severe pain when eating, brushing teeth, and articulating. The healing period of aphthae ranges from 7-10 days to 2-4 weeks. Epithelialization of ulcers occurs without scarring or with the formation of a delicate scar. Relapses of chronic aphthous stomatitis occur with a frequency of several weeks to several months. Frequent exacerbations exhaust patients, causing apathy, sleep disturbances, and cancerophobia [ 19] . One of the pressing problems in dentistry is the early diagnosis of precancerous diseases and malignant neoplasms of the oral mucosa. Precancerous diseases (PD) are usually not diagnosed at early stages of development, 5 since they occur without visible clinical signs, and patients do not seek medical help [25]. The prevalence of diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract in adolescence is high and, according to a number of authors, amounts to 60% to 70% of gastroenterological pathology, including the majority of which is chronic Выпуск журнала №-18 Часть–4_ Январь –2025 267 MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT gastroduodenitis: from 65% to 80% of cases, while Helicobacter infection pylori accounts for 80% to 83% of sick adolescents [3]. It is important to note that the studies conducted suggest that in combination with inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, the incidence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis increases to 11.6% and in some cases can reach up to 40-50% of cases [ 4]. In long-term pathology of the gastrointestinal tract, as a rule, erosive and ulcerative lesions of the mucous membrane of the stomach and small intestine develop, which is combined with the appearance of aphthae on the oral mucosa [ 5]. The phylogenetic unity of the digestive tract allows us to assume that erosive and ulcerative lesions of the oral mucosa are a reflection of inflammatory changes in the underlying parts of the gastrointestinal tract; in particular, the manifestation of recurren