FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF MACHINE TRANSLATION

Аннотация

This survey of the present demand and use of computer-based translation software concentrates on systems designed for the production of translations of publishable quality, including developments in controlled language systems, translator workstations, and localisation; but it covers also the developments of software for non-translators, in particular for use with Web pages and other Internet applications, and it looks at future needs and systems under development. The final section compares the types of translations that can be met most appropriately by human and by machine (and computer-aided) translation respectively. KEYWORDS: machine translation, computer-aided translation, translator workstations, multilingual systems Machine (computer, automatic) translation is a written translation, production is also a written text. Its creator is not an interpreter, but offers a computer program that controls it. The formation of machine translation is connected with the emergence of the computer. In the 17th century, the philosophers G.V. Leibniz and Descartes put their power and presented the problems of codification of the relationship of words. Charles Babbage (1791- 1871) expressed the first idea about the possibility of machine translation in his 1836-1848 project on digital analytical machines, the mechanical prototype of electronic digital machines that appeared 100 years later. In the 30s of the 20th century, "translator machines" began to be used in practice. Also, in 1924, in Estonia, A. Vaher published his theoretical views on the implementation of mechanical translation in the newspaper "Vaba Maa". In 5-To’plam 3-son May , 2025 318 Ilm fan taraqqiyotida raqamli iqtisodiyot va zamonaviy ta'limning o'rni hamda rivojlanish omillari France, George Astrouni proposed the use of automatic bilingual dictionaries and succeeded in obtaining a patent for the development of machine translation known as "with a mechanical brain" [1;34]. In 1933, P.P.Smirnov Troyansky, the author of the linguistic arithmetic meter, created a system based on the Esperanto language, which includes the method of distribution between languages with grammatical control and a linguistic dictionary. This system includes three stages: at the first stage, the editor organizes the words in the main language and defines the logical forms and syntactic functions of the units; in the second step, the machine converts these forms into the language being translated; in the third step, the editor moderates the result. The scientist's program remains unknown until the 50s of the 20th century, when computers became popular. After the initial ideas about machine translation, the history of machine translation emerged as an applied science in the late 1940s. Its theoretical basis was the view of language as a codified system (late 40s - early 50s). The first pioneers of machine translation were mathematicians and engineers. In the late 1940s, the creation of IBM in the USA was based on the theory of coding designed to perform cryptographic tasks. In March 1947, cryptographer Warren Weaver wrote to Norbert Wiener about machine translation: I have a text in front of me which is written in Russian but I am going to pretend that is really written in English and that it has been coded in some strange symbols. All I need to do is strip off the code in order to retrieve the information contained in the text: in the first step, the main text is translated into the intermediate language, and in the second step, its result is translated into the next language. In 1948, the first experiments on machine translation were conducted by A. Booth and R. Richans. Immediately after that, the work on its financing began. 5-To’plam 3-son May , 2025 319 Ilm fan taraqqiyotida raqamli iqtisodiyot va zamonaviy ta'limning o'rni hamda rivojlanish omillari Initially, the implementation of machine translation was supported by the military. Special attention was paid to the translation of Russian-English texts in the USA and English-Russian texts in the former Soviet Union. At the same time, in 1950, the English mathematician A. Turing's research on consciousness made a big change in the history of machine translation. In his scientific views, the issue of the machine being able to think, that is, the machine's ability to communicate like a human, was raised. This point of view of the scientist indicated the need for deep research on artificial intelligence[4;32]. At the same time, the investigation of natural language processing by computers became the focus of research in cybernetics for the next decade: on the one hand, mathematicians, programmers, computer engineers, and on the other hand, linguists tried to conduct research on machine translation. The first scientific and practical conference on machine translation was held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1952. On January 7, 1954, the first IBM II machine translation program was created in cooperation with Geo