ANTIBIOTICS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION. ANTIBACTERIAL CHEMOTHERAPY.

Аннотация

This article provides information about what antibiotics are, their types according to their chemical structure, how to use them, and their classification according to their molecular mechanism of action, as well as their harmful aspects, and sheds light on the effectiveness of antibacterialchemotherapy. Keywords: Antibiotics, penicillin, betalactomides, glycopeptides, lipopeptides, aminoglycosides, tetracycline, macrolides, lincosamides, chloramphenicol, rifamycins, polypeptides, polyenes, fluoroquinolones, resistance, chemotherapeutic drugs, spectrum of activity. Аннотация: В этой статье представлена ​ ​ информация о том, что такое антибиотики, их типы в соответствии с их химической структурой, как их использовать и их классификация в соответствии с их молекулярным механизмом действия, а также их вредныеаспекты,и проливает свет наэффективностьантибактериальной химиотерапии. Ключевые слова: Антибиотики, пенициллин, беталактомиды, гликопептиды, липопептиды, аминогликозиды, тетрациклин, макролиды, линкозамиды, хлорамфеникол, рифамицины, полипептиды, полиены, фторхинолоны, резистентность, химиотерапевтическиепрепараты,спектр активности. ENTRANCE Nowadays, studying antibiotics and their effective use is one of themost useful and urgent issues for humanity. The development of modern medicine has made it possible to prevent and effectively treat many infectious diseases, and the role of antibiotics in this regard is incomparable. Antibiotics are one of the main drugs in the treatment of various bacterial infections. Also, thanks to antibiotics, diseases that were previously dangerous are now milder. They protect the body from serious infectious complications. In some cases, especially before surgical interventions, antibiotics are prescribed as a prophylactic - this serves to prevent the introduction of infection. Antibiotics are a powerful tool in maintaining human health. However, they shouldbe used responsibly and onlyontheadvice of adoctor. https://ijmri.de/index.php/jmsi volume 4,issue3,2025 780 Antibiotics are among the drugs that have revolutionized medicine in human history. On September 3, 1928, Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming was studying staphylococcal bacteria in his London laboratory when he accidentally observed that a mold (Penicillium notatum) growing on them killed the bacteria. The substance produced by this mold was later called "penicillin". Fleming published his discovery in a scientific journal in 1929, but the news was not widely known. Then, in the late 1930s, Oxford University scientists Howard Florey and Ernst Chain worked on isolating and purifying penicillin. They successfully used penicillin in humans for the first timein 1941. At that time, penicillin was only available in limited quantities and was mainly used for military purposes. By 1944, penicillin had been mass-produced and was widely available tocivilians. Late 1940s - early 1950s: Antibiotics such as penicillin and streptomycin began to be produced around the world. During the time Uzbekistan was part of the former Soviet Union, these drugs were also imported intotherepublic and usedto treat infectious diseases.1 1960s-1970s: Uzbekistan's pharmaceutical industry developed, and the production and widespread introduction of antibiotics intensified. After independence in 1991, national programs were developed for the production and use of antibiotics, and improvements were madetothehealthcare system. Whatare antibiotics? The word antibiotic is derived from the Greek words anti-, meaning against, and bios, meaning life. Antibiotics are organic substances produced by microorganisms (fungi, bacteria), animal tissues,and somehigherplants that inhibitthegrowth and development of various microbes. Antibiotics disrupt the metabolism ofpathogenic microbes, killing them or stopping their growth. They affect different microbes differently. For example, one antibiotic has a strong effect on a certain microbe, but has a weak effect on another or does not affect it at all. Most antibiotics destroy not only microbes, but also the human, animal and plant organism (tissues and cells). Therefore, in medical practice, only those types of them are used that kill harmful microbes, but donotdestroy thehuman, animal and plant organism.2 Antibiotics are effective against inflammation, but they must be used with caution and when they are not effective. Doctors emphasize that uncontrolled use of antibiotics, not following the dosage, and self-medication can lead to theinfection becoming chronic.3 Typesofantibiotics accordingto their chemical structure 1https://azkurs.org/ozbekiston-respublikasi-sogliqni-saqlash-vazirligi 2I.Muhamedov,E.Eshboyev,N.Zokirov,M.Zokirov."Microbiology,Immunology,Virology"."NewAgeGeneration" NMM,2006 3https://daryo.uz/2020/08/16/antibiotiklar-kanday-hollarda-ulnarni-abubul-qilish-yoki-kechish-kerak https://ijmri.de/index.php/jmsi volume 4,issue3,2025 781 Howto useantibiotics? 1.If you are not sure howanantibioticisused