THE USE OF ENGLISH LOANWORDS IN THE LEXICON OF THE UZBEK LANGUAGE

Аннотация

This article discusses the use of english words in the uzbekistan lexicon. The opinions and research results of linguists on this topic are illustrated using various examples and thetopiciscovered in detail. Key words:terminology, recipient language, substitutions,loanwords A number of words borrowed into the Uzbek lexicon originate from English. As known from linguistic history, languages borrow words from one another to varying degrees depending on historical conditions and factors. Sometimes the process of borrowing words shifts between languages in terms of status. At certain times, one language functions as the recipient (accepting) language, while another serves as the source (donor) language. For instance, in Europe, word borrowing and the formation of new lexical units were once based on Greek and Latin, whereas in later periods, English, Russian, and German became the primary sources of borrowing. At one time, numerous scientific terms and words from various fields of life were borrowed into Russianfrom English, and someofthese alsomade theirway intoUzbek. A significant portion of the terminology created across world languages consists of words and terms borrowed from English. Many of these lexical units belong to Western European languages through English orare native English words. If a borrowed word or term is phonologically adapted tofit the Uzbek sound system, it is accepted in that form. However, since the 1940s, the original form and pronunciation of such terms have been preserved to the maximumextentpossible. Borrowing words is a complex process because the phonetic composition and grammatical structure of the donor and recipient languages often differ. Additionally, a borrowed word or term does not always retain its original meaning. In other words, borrowed words and terms are adapted to the phonetic and grammatical systems of the recipient language, and sometimes their meanings change during theborrowing process. When a word or term is phonologically adapted, it must align with the phonetic rules of the recipient language. First, sounds that do not exist in the recipient language are either omitted or replaced with similar sounds.These substitutions must be as close as possible in pronunciation to theoriginal sounds. Several factors are evident in theprocess ofborrowing words, especially from English: Words can be borrowed through spoken communication. In this case, pronunciation is adjusted to fit the phonetic norms of the native language as much as possible, sometimes making the borrowed word resemble nativewords in pronunciation. Example:  Laser (Eng. laser; an acronym for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation") – an optical quantum generator that produces ultraviolet, infrared, and visible light radiation. It is afundamental device in quantum electronics. Words can also be borrowed through written language, where transliteration plays a key role. The borrowed word is written and read according to the orthographic and phonetic rules of the nativelanguage. https://ijmri.de/index.php/jmsi volume 4,issue3,2025 454 Example: 1.Lift (Eng. lift – "to raise") – a stationary mechanical device with a cabin designed for vertically transporting people and goods. It operates using various mechanisms such as mechanical, hydraulic, or pneumatic systems. The most widely used type is the electric-powered lift. Somewords are borrowed byadopting thestandard literary pronunciation of the source language. This method ensures that the borrowed word maintains the pronunciation as it is in the original language. Example:  Leasing (Eng. lease – "to use") – refers to the long-term rental of machinery, equipment, transportation vehicles, and production facilities. It is also a form of export crediting for long- term usegoods. Leasing has two main types: financial leasing and operating leasing. Like other languages, the Uzbek scientific, technical, and economic terminology is increasingly enriched by English loanwords, both in terms of quantity and quality. As noted above, economic terms borrowed from English into Uzbekcan be dividedinto two categories: a)Native Englishwords. b)International words and terms from Western European languages borrowed through English. However, in terms of external form, it is often difficult to strictly distinguish between words of English origin and European loanwords. Many such terms have been directly adopted from English, yet theyare stillconsidered international words in various linguisticstudies. English loanwords have a distinct place in the Uzbek lexicon, contributing to the expression of various meanings. As globalization continues, the process of borrowing words will persist, enriching theUzbek language with new lexical and terminological units.