A Comparative Analysis of The Case System in Turkish And Uzbek Languages

Аннотация

This article analyzes the case systems in Turkish and Uzbek from morphological and syntactic perspectives. Although both languages belong to the agglutinative type, there are significant differences between the forms of cases, their rules of usage, and the functional load of certain morphemes. These differences are illustrated with examples, and the grammatical structures are explained through a comparative approach. Keywords: Case, agglutinative language, morphology, syntax, Turkish language, Uzbek language, comparative analysis. 19th century and has since gone through several Introduction: Although Turkish and Uzbek languages qualitatively different stages. share a common Turkic origin, there are certain grammatical differences, especially in the case systems. Linguistic semantics studies meaning. It examines what Both languages have an agglutinative nature, where meaning is, how words acquire meaning, and how the words are inflected using affixes. Cases are crucial meaning of complex phrases relates to the meanings of grammatical tools that express syntactic relations their parts. This process also involves the distinction between words in a sentence. This article focuses on between sense and reference. Sense is related to the analyzing the forms and functional characteristics of ideas and concepts conveyed by an expression, while cases in Turkish and Uzbek. reference indicates the object the expression refers to. Semantics contrasts with syntax, which studies the Semantics (from Greek: semantikos — expressive, rules for constructing grammatically correct sentences, signifying) refers to: and with pragmatics, which studies how language is 1. the overall content, meaning, or information used in communication. expressed by a language unit (word, grammatical form, Lexical semantics is the branch of semantics that idiom, phrase, or sentence); studies word meaning. It investigates whether a word 2. a branch of linguistics that studies the meaning has one or multiple meanings and how words relate side of various language units, also known as lexically to each other. Phrasal semantics studies the semasiology. meaning of sentences through compositionality or the Certain lexical elements represent concepts, but only creation of new meanings by arranging words. Formal full sentences and their combinations can express semantics studies the relationship between language these concepts entirely. Thus, the main object of study and meaning. in semantics is the system of meanings of fully Main Part autonomous words and sentences. As a science, The Case System in the Uzbek Language semantics began to develop in the second half of the American Journal Of Philological Sciences 55 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajps American Journal Of Philological Sciences (ISSN – 2771-2273) Uzbek has seven grammatical cases: possessive 1. Nominative case (kitob – “book”) • kitaplarımı — plural, first-person possessive, accusative 2. Genitive case (kitobning – “of the book”) Words change form through declension and 3. Accusative case (kitobni – “the book”) conjugation, allowing them to relate to each other and 4. Dative case (kitobga – “to the book”) form phrases and sentences. 5. Locative case (kitobda – “in/on the book”) Differences and Similarities 6. Ablative case (kitobdan – “from the book”) • In Uzbek, case meanings are often derived 7. Instrumental case (kitob bilan – “with the from context. For instance, the genitive case (ning) may book”) indicate possession or a part-whole relationship. The These cases allow words to serve various syntactic accusative case may denote the goal or direction of an functions in a sentence, such as subject, object, and action. adverbial modifier. • In Turkish, cases also express meanings like The Case System in the Turkish Language goal, direction, and location. However, some Turkish cases, particularly the ablative and locative, convey Turkish generally has five main cases: narrower meanings than in Uzbek. For instance, the 1. Nominative case (kitap – “book”) Turkish ablative case (-den) usually denotes separation 2. Genitive case (kitabın – “of the book”) or origin, while the Uzbek ablative case (-dan) can express several semantic functions such as time, cause, 3. Accusative case (kitabı – “the book”) and source. 4. Dative case (kitaba – “to the book”) • Uzbek case markers can carry multiple 5. Locative case (kitapta – “in/on the book”) semantic meanings, whereas Turkish cases are used in 6. Ablative case (kitaptan – “from the book”) more specific contexts but have similar forms. Additionally, the instrumental function is fulfilled • In Uzbek, the ablative case (dan) can indicate through the preposition ile (e.g., kitapla, kitap ile – both time and cause. In Turkish, the equivalent (-den) “with the book”). usually refers to separation or origin. Turkish typically has five main cases: Despite similarities in form and function, each language 1. Nominative (yalın hal): kitap has unique features: