The role of risk factors in the development of diabetes mellitus in pregnant women

Аннотация

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a COPYRIGHT © 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms disease characterized by hyperglycemia, first detected of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License. during pregnancy, but not corresponding to the diagnostic criteria of manifest diabetes mellitus (DM). According to modern concepts, pregnancy is a "diabetogenic factor", since during gestation there is a change in hemostasis of the female body, including carbohydrate metabolism. Hyperglycemia during pregnancy is associated with the development of complications both on the part of the mother and the fetus. In addition, GDM is a risk factor for the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in the mother and offspring in the future. According to the International Diabetes Federation, approximately 14% of pregnancies are associated with GDM, resulting in 18 million births per year. All of these children are at risk of developing obesity and type 2 diabetes. The increasing prevalence of this disease, the high probability of adverse pregnancy outcomes for the mother and fetus, and a number of long-term consequences of GDM dictate the need for its prevention by correcting risk factors, timely diagnosis, and effective treatment of the disease. Keywords: Gestational diabetes mellitus, risk factor, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, pregnancy, obesity, prediabetes. Introduction: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is The American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research 25 https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajmspr The American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research one of the most common diseases during pregnancy number of countries (USA, Japan, Germany, Israel, etc.) and the most common type of diabetes mellitus (DM) adopted these criteria. In 2012, after repeated in pregnant women. Gestational diabetes mellitus discussions, the Russian Federation adopted the (GDM) is a common complication of pregnancy and can Consensus on the Diagnosis and Treatment of GDM, lead to adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, such as approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian cesarean section, birth trauma, and the development Federation in 2013 [5]. Differences in epidemiological of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in the future. indicators may be associated with the diversity of the Gestational diabetes mellitus is characterized by population groups studied. Thus, in countries with a low hyperglycemia that is first detected during pregnancy risk of developing GDM in pregnant women, such as but does not meet the diagnostic criteria for overt Sweden, Australia, the USA (with the exception of diabetes mellitus (DM). Native Americans and some other population groups), the prevalence of this pathology is less than 2%, about Most cases of gestational diabetes mellitus develop in 9.5% and 4.8%, respectively. Higher rates are observed women with obesity, with a body mass index (BMI) in the Middle East countries: the United Arab Emirates greater than 30. For example, in Finland in 2018, the (20.6%), Qatar (16.3%), Bahrain (13.5%) and Saudi average BMI among pregnant women exceeded 25, Arabia (12.5%). Some developed countries, such as meaning they were overweight. More than 16% of Canada (17.8%) and France (12.1%), also have higher pregnant women were obese, with a BMI greater than rates of prevalence of gestational carbohydrate 30. The American Diabetes Association estimates that metabolism disorders. According to domestic authors, gestational diabetes occurs in 10% of pregnant women the incidence of GDM in Russia varies widely - from 1 to in the United States [1]. According to the 2019 14%, averaging about 7%, and significantly depends on International Diabetes Federation Atlas, 15.8% (20.4 diagnostic methods, ethnic composition of the million) of women had hyperglycemia during population, prevalence of type 2 diabetes in individual pregnancy, and 83.6% of these cases were diagnosed populations, and economic conditions. It should be with gestational diabetes mellitus [2]. The increase in noted that 91.6% of cases of hyperglycemia during the number of pregnant women with this pathology is pregnancy are noted in low- and middle-income directly related to the incidence of diabetes in the countries, where maternal health care is often limited world, improved quality of GDM diagnostics, an [6]. In the modern world, gestational diabetes mellitus increase in the proportion of women of reproductive (GDM) is a common disorder of carbohydrate age who are overweight or obese, as well as late metabolism in pregnant women, which indicates the planning of pregnancy and childbirth, and an increase undoubted relevance of this problem in women of in the frequency of concomitant pathology [3]. reproductive age. During pregnancy, genetically The first prospective studies of glucose metabolism determined changes occur in the woman's body, aimed during pregnancy were conducte