Specific Features of Psychomotor and Cognitive Development in Children with Severe Speech Disabilities at Preschool Age

Аннотация

The article describes the specific features of the psychomotor and cognitive development of preschool children with severe speech impairment, and provides an analysis of changes in thinking, memory, attention, and logical approaches in children with this speech impairment from the scientific research of many scientists. Keywords: Cognitive development, severe speech impairment, memory, attention, logical approach, fine motor skills, general motor skills, motor alalia, subtle differential movements, visual gnosis. Introduction: Disturbances in the motor function of children with severe speech impairment can manifest themselves as problems in articulatory, fine and general motor skills. Studies conducted by G.V. Matsievskaya emphasize that the locomotor function of children with motor alalia develops later than in other children. Differentiating between kinetic (efferent) motor alalia, the author shows that certain disorders occur in the muscles of articulatory and general motor skills during the execution of tasks such as performing sequential movements and transitions from one movement to another. Apraxias, expressed in kinesthetic (afferent) motor alalia, proceed without pronounced paralysis and paresis. Difficulties in performing fine differential movements, a long search for the desired articulatory position, and unstable replacement of sounds are observed. During the execution of movements, their Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals 56 https://eipublication.com/index.php/jsshrf 9 Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals inaccuracy and involuntary additional movements of depicting small details of the picture, and subsequently the lips, tongue, lower jaw and mimic muscles are causes difficulties in mastering the writing process. detected. Maintaining the desired position is Disturbances in the coordination of muscle movements significantly more difficult. on both sides of the body may be associated primarily Articulatory motor disorders are also noted in the with the lateralization of functions, that is, lagging studies conducted by R.A. Belova-David. She draws behind the period of separation of the leading attention to the incomplete development of deep hemisphere of the brain. proprioceptive sensations, problems in the Thus, specific manifestations of defects in general, fine organization and differentiation of speech and articulatory motor skills of preschool children with movements. Movement disorders, in addition to severe speech impairment (according to N.A. Bernstein) changes in the strength and volume of movement, are are noted at all levels of the sphere of movement also expressed in its unclear and inconsistent organization. They arise as a result of functional implementation, which is noted as a pathology of insufficiency and indicate the presence of weakly motor coordination and is associated with disorders in expressed residual organic pathologies [4]. the function of the vestibular apparatus and the The mental development of children with severe speech cerebellum [3]. impairment is characterized by a disproportionate V.M. Bekhterev concludes that there is a close course of cognitive and speech development and causes connection between the hand and speech. The the manifestation of a mental image with specific connection between finger motor skills and speech features. At the same time, there is a number of data function was also confirmed by a number of indicating a mosaic expression of intellectual researchers working at the Institute of Physiology of disabilities. Children and Adolescents of the Russian Federation In the process of psychological and pedagogical study of (A.V. Antakova-Fomina, Ye.I. Isenina, M.I. Koltsova). It children with severe speech defects, the relationship was found that in most children with severe speech between the structure of the speech defect and impairment, there is a lack of finger mobility, primary, secondary, tertiary, etc. defects is determined. insufficient differentiation and inconsistency of fine motor skills. Since speech is part of general motor The phenomena of secondary underdevelopment of skills, it is formed together with the functional system higher mental functions have been theoretically that controls speech movements. The development of discussed since the time of L.S. Vygotsky. speech and motor skills is interconnected, and these At the present stage of scientific development, various processes are largely associated with the activity of the specialists are engaged in the problems of mental frontal parts of the brain [8]. dysontogenesis: psychiatrists, defectologists, Examination of the psychomotor skills of children with psychologists. severe speech impairment of older preschool age using In general, many authors (I.T. Vlasenko, T.V. Rozanova, the N.I. Ozeretsky tests showed that in this group of etc.) emphasize that cognitive and speech disorders are children, performing most of the test tas