LANGUAGES CONTACTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGES

Аннотация

This article discusses the role and place of language contacts in the development of languages. In this regard, linguistic phenomena such as bilingualism and linguistic interference, which are part of the theory of linguistic contacts, are also highlighted. It is emphasized that the study of language contacts and their results can contribute to the study of the features of the structure of the language system itself. Key words: language contacts, convergent development, divergent development, linguistic factor, morphological system, phonological system, monolingual, bilingual, bilingualism, mixed bilingualism, unmixed bilingualism, creolized language, pidgin, language interference, lexical borrowing, syntax, morphology. Language contacts are a complex and multi-stage process, closely related to the development of society. They suggest the existence of several other - cultural, economic, and so on contacts, including ethnic ones. Even the activity or inactivity of a party involved in the contact is determined by extralinguistic factors - cultural or social authority of speakers of a language, of attributes of its functional importance. Causes of language change first, occurring in the process of language contact, lie not so much in the structure of the interacting languages as abroad. On the other hand, one can not doubt that each such Conversion of vanie is a consequence of the interaction of a whole set of reasons. For quite some results (for example, to a general simplification of the morphological system, to the tendency to analytic and so on ) result in the very fact of language contact, to a tory objective aims to eliminate idiomatic of each of the interacting structures. It is well known that changes in the phonological and, in part, morphological systems of the language are in a certain dependence on the corresponding changes in vocabulary. However, it should be borne in mind and numerous structural "factors" of language that facilitate or hinder this or that particular change. So, the fairly obvious fact that other things being equal, the most prone to this kind of language transformation in contact with closely related language, characterized by a large structural and material similarity. It is noted that the vocabulary of a foreign language easier to have assimilated by languages with a predominance non-articulate synchronous point of view of words and harder - languages to actively functioning ways compounding and derivation [13]. On the other hand, the inclusion in the new token is stimulated and such internal "factors", such as a) low frequency of use of the corresponding native words, making them unstable, b) the presence of unfavorable synonymy, c) the need for expressive synonyms and euphemisms and so on [1, 52-53]. It is the structural parameters of the language due to sharply different relationships of languages to syntactic borrowings. The presence in the phonological system of the language of the so-called “empty cells” contributes to the enrichment of its phonemic inventory both due to intrastructural transformations and through acquired material. Said, apparently enough to come to the general conclusion that "only when the study of the internal factors can answer the question why some outside of exposure impact on the language, while others - not" [5, 303]. One of the basic concepts of the theory of language contact is the concept of bilingualism, whereby the study of bilingualism is often recognized as even the 68 ILM-FAN VA INNOVATSIYA ILMIY-AMALIY KONFERENSIYASI in-academy.uz/index.php/si main task of contact studies. It is in bilingual groups of speakers that one language system comes into contact with another and for the first time contact-related deviations from the language norm occur, which are called hereafter W.Weinreich interference [1, 32-39]. and which subsequently go beyond bilingual groups [3]. Bilingual persons are usually understood as native speakers of a certain language A, switching to language B when communicating with native speakers of the latter (moreover, most often one of these languages turns out to be their native language, and the other acquired). It should be noted that a lively discussion in the last question of the degree of ownership of speaking a second language (active, passive, and so on.). It should be noted at the same time that the question of the degree of speaking a second language (activity, passivity, etc.), which was animatedly discussed in the past, with “genuine” bilingualism can hardly be considered important, not only because in conditions of language contact it is only about collective bilingualism, but also since the only consequence of insufficient knowledge of the second language can be its incomplete assimilation, as is the case in the so-called "creolized" languages. Moreover, the circumstance does not matter whether this fact of bilingualism is characterized by the use of a second language with a functionally unlimited scope or the