ANEURYSM DISEASE, ITS CAUSES AND TREATMENT METHODS.

Аннотация

An aneurysm is a local expansion of a vessel with gradual thinning of its wall. The process is irreversible, over time, under the influence of blood flow pressure, the protrusion only increases and, one day, can rupture. This leads to internal arterial bleeding. Keywords: Disease, arteries, veins, genetic syndromes, heart walls, atherosclerosis. Introduction: An aneurysm is an abnormal bulge in the wall of a blood vessel or This bulge occurs due to a weakness in the wall of the vessel or heart, which can be caused by a variety of factors, including birth defects, atherosclerosis, injury, infection, and inflammation. The wall of the vessel or heart becomes thinner and less elastic in a certain area. Under the pressure of the blood, this weak spot begins to bulge, forming a sac-like or spindle-shaped dilation. Over time, an aneurysm can increase in size. An aneurysm can occur in any blood vessel in the body, but is most Aorta: The largest blood vessel that leaves the heart. An aortic aneurysm can be abdominal (in the abdomen) or thoracic (in the chest). Cerebral arteries: An aneurysm in the brain can cause a stroke if it ruptures. Peripheral arteries: In the legs, groin, or neck. Heart: A cardiac aneurysm is usually. Main part: Atherosclerosis: This is the most common cause of aneurysms, especially aortic and peripheral artery aneurysms. The deposition of cholesterol, fats, and other substances on the walls of arteries leads to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques make the vessel walls stiff, less elastic, and more vulnerable to damage and bulging under the pressure of blood. 67 ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE International scientific-online conference Age-related changes: As we age, the walls of our blood vessels naturally lose their elasticity and strength, which can contribute to the development of aneurysms. Degeneration of elastic fibers and collagen in the vessel wall occurs. Genetic and congenital factors, Hereditary connective tissue disorders: Some genetic disorders, such as Marfin syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and neurofibromatosis type 1, are characterized by defects in the structure of collagen and elastin, the main components of the connective tissue that make up the walls of blood vessels. This makes them weaker and more susceptible to aneurysms. Congenital defects of the vessel wall: In rare cases, people can be born with areas of weakened vessel walls, predisposing them to the development of aneurysms. Family history: Having close relatives with aneurysms can increase the risk of developing the condition, even in the absence of known genetic syndromes. External influences and acquired conditions. Hypertension (high blood pressure): Constantly increased pressure on the vessel walls can weaken them over time and contribute to the formation of aneurysms. Blunt or penetrating trauma to blood vessels can damage the vessel wall and lead to the development of traumatic aneurysms, sometimes long after the injury. Rare bacterial or fungal infections can affect the walls of arteries (mitotic aneurysms), causing them to weaken and bulge. Inflammatory vascular diseases (vasculitides): Some autoimmune or inflammatory diseases, such as polyarthritis nodosa or polyarthritis nodosa, can cause inflammation of the vessel walls, causing damage and aneurysms. Smoking damages the vessel walls, contributing to the development of atherosclerosis and increasing the risk of aneurysms. Specific causes of cardiac aneurysms. Coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction: A left ventricular aneurysm is often a complication of a large myocardial infarction. The damaged heart muscle becomes thinner and bulges under the pressure of blood. Chronic heart failure: Long-term stress on the heart can lead to structural changes, including the formation of aneurysms. Infective endocarditis: An infection of the inner lining of the heart can damage and weaken the wall of the ventricle, causing an aneurysm. 68 ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE International scientific-online conference Analysis and results: Angiography (arteriography): This is an invasive procedure in which a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel and a contrast agent is injected through it. The X-ray images produced during this procedure clearly show the vessels and identify aneurysms. Although it is the "gold standard" for diagnosing vascular disease, it is used less frequently due to its invasiveness and risk of complications, usually when planning treatment. Clinical examination and history. A physician may suspect an aneurysm based on the patient's symptoms (e.g., abdominal or back pain with an abdominal aortic aneurysm, headache with a cerebral aneurysm) and the physical examination. Family history is also important, as some aneurysms may be linked to a genetic predisposition. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE): A specialized ultrasound that inserts a transducer into the esophagus, allowing for a clearer picture of the