FORMS AND MEANS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAINING OF ATHLETES

Аннотация

The article discusses the content and essence of athletes' psychological preparation and the activities carried out with them. Thus, the main forms and means of psychological training of athletes and the possibilities of their application are revealed. Keywords: athlete's personality, psychological preparedness, self- management, psychological qualities, worldview, persuasion, self-persuasion, responsibility, heterotraining, autotraining, psychoregulatory training, psychomuscular training, ideomotor training. Аннотация. В статье изложены мнения о содержании, сущности психологической подготовки спортсменов и проводимых с ними мероприятиях. Таким образом, раскрыты основные формы и средства психологической подготовки спортсменов и возможности их применения. Ключевые слова: личность спортсмена, психологическая подготовка, самоуправление, психические качества, мировоззрение, убеждение, самовнушение, ответственность, гетеротренинг, аутотренинг, психорегуляционный тренинг, психомышечная тренировка, идеомоторная тренировка. General psychological preparation solves the tasks of psychological influence on the athlete. These tasks, aimed at the formation and development of psychological qualities important for sports, help to teach special methods of psychological self-regulation for adaptation to extreme conditions. General psychological training serves the goals of improving self-management skills, increasing competitive reliability, and thus achieving stable, high results[2]. Psychological preparation is the process of forming, strengthening, and activating the readiness of an individual, a team, to perform a certain type of activity or task [4]. The following are most commonly used as means of psychological training of an athlete: 1. Formation of worldview. The most important and at the same time complex problem is the formation of motives for sports activity, including worldview as the most stable motive. This is achieved through the formation and development of modern views on the cultural and historical roots of sports in general, as well as the chosen sport, and the formation of own principles and 168 ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE International scientific-online conference views of the athlete, team, coach on all issues of joint activity. In any sport, a coach always has the opportunity for reliable communication, conversation, convincing examples, and comparisons. It is also effectively used to fairly justify the commands of thinking together with athletes, to encourage and listen to reasoning, to thoroughly and comprehensively manage goals, to reasonably predict success in upcoming competitions, and to identify the motives of an athlete who can participate in a particular situation[1]. 2. Persuasion and self-persuasion. Through hypnosis (persuasion) or individual self-command (self-persuasion), the athlete achieves necessary changes in their mental state. Most often, persuasion and self-suggestion are used to achieve the necessary conditions: - sleep before a responsible start; - rest between attempts; - emphasizing one's own advantages and the shortcomings of rivals, etc. Persuasion and self-persuasion are usually carried out in the following form: - heterotraining (using a hypnotist); - autotraining (psycho-regulatory training, psychomuscular training, ideomotor training); - in the form of narrative performances (some specific opponent, competition venue, specific actions of a judge); - half-sleep "report" (the coach conducts a conditional report from the competition), repeating the oaths before the match, - using "simple" methods (amulets, various symbols, "happy" clothes and shoes). It should be noted that not all athletes have the ability to persuade, therefore the use of these tools should be individual. 3. Preparation through participation in the activity. Preparation with participation in the activity is the most versatile, but not always sufficiently taken into account and evaluated, means of psychological training of athletes and teams. Both the coach and the athlete must monitor the wave-like nature of the loads, their frequency, work on movement techniques, and constantly coordinate their movements with the conditions of participation in upcoming competitions. Sometimes the coach and athlete must develop the arsenal of actions of competitive situations down to the smallest details, prepare possible variants of 169 ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE International scientific-online conference actions. Often, training is conducted according to the scheme of maximum approximation to competition conditions. 4. Control and self-control. In sports practice, much attention is paid to obtaining information about the parameters and results of movements, including during their execution. This specially organized observation or self- observation is a specific case of the coach and athlete's research activity, the subject of pedagogical communication. The psychological development achieved as a result