THEORETICAL APPROACHES AND RESULTS OF FOREIGN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON THE ILLEGAL CIRCULATION OF PYROTECHNIC PRODUCTS

Аннотация

This article is dedicated to the theoretical examination of the illegal circulation of pyrotechnic products and the analysis of results from scientific research conducted abroad. The study explores the legal, social, and environmental consequences associated with the illegal production, sale, and use of pyrotechnic devices, while discussing internationally applied approaches and their relevance to Uzbekistan. The article highlights key findings from foreign studies, the impact of pyrotechnic circulation on public safety, and advanced practices in regulating this field. Additionally, suggestions for improving legislation in this area are provided. Keywords:pyrotechnic products, illegal circulation, theoretical approaches, foreign research, public safety, legislation, environmental impact, crime. Illegal Trafficking of Pyrotechnic Products: Theoretical Approaches and Analysis of Foreign Studies Pyrotechnic products are widely used for entertainment purposes in the modern world; however, their illegal circulation poses serious risks. The unlawful production, sale, and use of pyrotechnics not only violate national legislation but also endanger public safety, human health, and the environment [1]. This article aims to analyze the circulation of pyrotechnic products from a theoretical perspective and to review the results of foreign scientific studies in order to draw useful conclusions for Uzbekistan. Several theoretical approaches exist in the study of illegal trafficking of pyrotechnic products: Legal Approach: This approach views the circulation of pyrotechnics as a hazardous activity subject to strict state regulation. International legal scholar J. Brown proposes classifying pyrotechnics as explosive substances and considering their illegal circulation as a criminal offense [2]. In Uzbekistan, this approach is reflected in Article 250¹ of the Criminal Code, which stipulates punitive measures for unlawful dealings in such products [3]. Sociological Approach: This perspective links the illegal circulation of pyrotechnics to socio-economic conditions. According to American sociologist R. 9 DEVELOPMENT OF PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN MODERN SCIENCES International scientific-online conference Merton’s "anomie theory", illegal conduct often arises from limited economic opportunities [4]. This approach is also relevant to Uzbekistan, where in rural areas, illegal trade in pyrotechnics is often seen as a source of income. Security Approach: Due to the hazardous nature of pyrotechnic products, it is essential to examine them from a security standpoint. British researcher P. Green considers pyrotechnic circulation a component of national security and recommends strict regulatory oversight [5]. This is also crucial for Uzbekistan, where misuse of pyrotechnics can lead to fires and injuries. Foreign research on the illegal circulation of pyrotechnic products focuses on several key aspects: Legal and Criminal Aspects: A 2021 study in the United States revealed that illegal trade in pyrotechnics causes more than $500 million in annual damages and is often linked to organized crime [6]. The 2019 report by the European Union emphasizes that 70% of crimes related to pyrotechnics are transnational in nature [7]. These findings serve as a warning for Uzbekistan, highlighting the importance of preventing illegal imports from neighboring countries. Impact on Public Safety: A 2020 article published in Australia found that illegal use of pyrotechnics was responsible for 15% of wildfires [8]. According to the National Fire Protection Association (USA), more than 10,000 people are injured each year during Fourth of July celebrations due to fireworks [9]. These statistics are relevant to Uzbekistan, especially considering the increased use of pyrotechnics during New Year celebrations. Environmental Consequences: Studies conducted in China have demonstrated that pyrotechnics release PM2.5 pollutants into the air, which are harmful to human health [10]. A 2022 study in Germany found that illegal fireworks contribute to soil contamination through chemical residues [11]. These studies indicate the need for enhanced environmental monitoring in Uzbekistan. In Uzbekistan, the circulation of pyrotechnic products is regulated by the Cabinet of Ministers’ Resolution No. 309 (2009) and the Criminal Code [3, 12]. However, foreign studies point to the necessity of additional measures in this area. For instance, drawing from the U.S. experience, illegal pyrotechnic trade could be investigated as a financial crime [6]. The European approach suggests enhancing transnational cooperation, which could support Uzbekistan in strengthening border controls with Central Asian neighbors [7]. 10 DEVELOPMENT OF PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN MODERN SCIENCES International scientific-online conference From an environmental standpoint, China’s experience indicates the need for establishing quality control standards for pyrotechnic products in Uzbekistan [10]. Simila