HARNESSING ADVANCED ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MODELS (DEEPSEEK, GROK 3, AND CHATGPT) IN ORTHODONTICS: A VIRTUAL SIMULATION STUDY FOR DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT PLANNING, AND PATIENT EDUCATION

Аннотация

This study explores the application of advanced artificial intelligence (AI) models— DeepSeek, Grok 3, and ChatGPT—in orthodontics through a virtual simulation framework. Twenty virtual patients with malocclusions (Class I, II, III) were simulated over 28 days to evaluate AI-driven diagnosis, treatment planning, and patient education. DeepSeek achieved a 15% reduction in diagnostic errors compared to manual assessments, leveraging structured reasoning for cephalometric analysis. Grok 3 improved treatment plan accuracy by 20%, utilizing real-time biomechanical feedback to adjust tooth movement. ChatGPT enhanced patient comprehension by 25%, delivering natural language explanations of treatment processes. The virtual platform ensured precisecontrol over variables liketooth movement rates and compliance, overcoming ethical and logistical barriers of traditional studies. Statistical analysis using t-tests (p < 0.05) confirmed significant performance differences, with DeepSeek excelling in diagnostic precision, Grok 3 in adaptive planning, and ChatGPT in communication. These findings underscore AI’s potential to enhance orthodonticpractice by improving accuracy, efficiency, and patient engagement. The complementary strengths of these models suggest a hybrid approach for future applications. As an open-access study, this work aligns with the Journal of Dental Sciences mission to advance clinical dentistry through innovative research, offering a scalable, cost-effectiveframework for orthodonticadvancements. Keywords: Orthodontics, artificial intelligence, DeepSeek, Grok 3, ChatGPT, virtual simulation, diagnosis, treatment planning, patient education 1.Introduction Orthodontics, a specialized field focused on correcting malocclusions and jaw irregularities, has progressed from rudimentary wire-bending techniques to sophisticated digital tools like clear aligners and 3D imaging [1]. Despite these advancements, challenges remain: diagnostic accuracy hinges on practitioner expertise, treatment planning demands extensive manual analysis, and patient education struggles to convey biomechanical concepts effectively [2,3]. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers a transformative solution by leveraging computational power to enhance precision, streamline workflows, and improvecommunication [4,5]. Recent AImodels—DeepSeek, Grok 3, andChatGPT—bring distinct capabilities to orthodontics. DeepSeek, developed by DeepSeek AI, excels in structured reasoning, ideal for technical tasks like malocclusion classification [6]. Grok 3, from xAI, integrates real-time data and advanced reasoning, enhancing treatment adaptability [7]. ChatGPT, by OpenAI, leverages natural language processing for patient interaction [8]. While AI has been applied in dentistry for caries detection and radiographic analysis [9,10], its orthodontic potential, particularly with these models,remains underexplored [11,12]. Literature Review 128 Volume 4, issue 2, 2025 AI’s dental applications are expanding rapidly. Schwendicke et al. (2020) demonstrated its efficacy in caries detection, achieving sensitivity rates above 90% [13]. In orthodontics, Monill- González et al. (2021) reported 90% accuracy in AI-driven cephalometric analysis, reducing human error [14]. Revilla-León et al. (2022) explored AI in restorative dentistry, but orthodontic studies often focus on imaging rather than holistic care [15]. DeepSeek’s reasoning capabilities suggest potential for diagnostic precision [16], while Grok 3’s adaptability could optimize treatment planning [17]. ChatGPT’s fluency promises enhanced patient understanding [18], though orthodontic-specific research is limited [19].Proffit (2018) emphasized personalized care, a goal AI could advance [20]. Additional studies highlight AI’s role in orthodontic education [21], treatment efficiency [22], and patient outcomes [23]. Baumgartner et al. (2018) noted digital orthodontics’rise [24], while Hansa et al. (2021) underscored AI’s planning potential [25]. The global orthodontic market, projected at $10 billion by 2030, demands innovation [26], aligning with AI’s capabilities [27,28]. Further, Faber et al. (2019) and Uysal et al. (2020) emphasized digital workflows [29,30], and Bichu et al. (2021) reviewed AI’s orthodontic promise[31]. Rationale Traditional orthodontic research faces high costs, ethical constraints, and patient variability [32,33]. Clinical trials are resource-intensive [34], in vitro models oversimplify biomechanics [35], and real-world studies struggle with compliance [36]. Virtual simulations powered by AI offer controlled, repeatable environments, enabling rapid, ethical experimentation [37,38]. This study tests DeepSeek, Grok 3, and ChatGPT, hypothesizing enhanced performance over manual methods[39]. Objective To evaluate DeepSeek, Grok 3, and ChatGPT in diagnosing malocclusions, planning treatments, andeducating virtualpatients, assessing theirpotential in orthodontics. Significance This aligns with the JDS mis