TASK-BASED LEARNING (TBL) & PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING (PBL): TWO LEARNER-CENTERED APPROACHES IN EDUCATION

Аннотация

In recent years, two educational approaches Task-Based Learning (TBL) and Problem-Based Learning (PBL) have gained significant attention in classrooms worldwide. Both are learner-centered methodologies that prioritize active engagement, critical thinking and practical application of knowledge. These approaches represent a shift from traditional teacher directed models toward more dynamic, student-driven learning environments. In this article is explored these two methods, highlighting the insights of experts and scientists on their effectiveness and impact onstudent outcomes. Key words: Task-Based Learning, Problem-Based Learning, learner, task, problem-solving, teaching Task-Based Learning (TBL) is an approach that emphasizes the completion of tasks that are meaningful and relevant to real-world situations. According to Dr. R.Ellis, a leading figure in language teaching and applied linguistics, TBL allows students to engage in authentic language use rather than simply learning about the language in a detached context. Ellis states, “TBL is rooted in the idea that language acquisition is best facilitated when learners are focused on completing tasks that mimic real-life scenarios.”[1] In TBL, learners are typically given a task or project to complete, such as planning a trip, solving a problem, or creating a report. These tasks are designed to encourage communication and collaboration among students. The focus is not on explicit grammar instruction but on using language to achieve a specific outcome. In this way, TBL promotes the development of both language skills and cognitive skills, as students must plan, negotiate, and executetasks in away that reflects howlanguage is usedin everyday life. Research by Dr. P. Skehan, a prominent researcher in second language acquisition, supports the effectiveness of TBL in language teaching. Skehan argues that TBL enhances fluency and encourages problem-solving skills, as it allows students to work with language in a context where they must adapt and think critically. Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is apedagogical approach in which students are given acomplex, real-world problem to solve. Unlike traditional teaching methods, where information is typically delivered in a linear fashion, PBL requires students to investigate and explore the problem, often working collaboratively in groups. According to Dr. H.Barrows, a pioneer in the field of PBL, this approach helps students develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and teamwork skills that are essential for success in the professional world. In Barrows’ words, “PBL is not just about acquiring knowledge; it’s about developing theability toapply knowledge innovel situations.”[2] In PBL, the role of the instructor shifts from the traditional “sage on the stage” to that of a facilitator or guide. The instructor's role is to provide scaffolding as students navigate the problem-solving process, offering resources and guidance when necessary but leaving the bulk of the learning process to the students. This model encourages independent learning, self- https://ijmri.de/index.php/jmsi volume 4,issue2,2025 663 directed inquiry, and deeper engagement with thecontent. Research by Dr. D.H.Jonassen, a noted educational psychologist, supports the view that PBL fosters deeper learning. Jonassen argues that “PBL encourages students to confront real problems, which require them to apply knowledge, ask questions, and consider multiple perspectives.” [3] This active involvement in the learning process helps to develop problem-solving strategies that studentscan usein future contexts. Comparing TBL and PBL: Key Differences and Similarities; While TBL and PBL share a common focus on student-centered learning and real-world application, they differ in certain ways. The key distinction lies in the nature of the tasks or problems. TBL revolves around completing specific, often task-oriented activities that involve the use of language or knowledge to achieve a clear goal. In contrast, PBL centers on solving complex, often open-ended problems that may require interdisciplinary knowledge and deeper exploration. Despite these differences, both approaches emphasize collaboration, critical thinking, and the development of transferable skills. Dr. M.Young, an expert in curriculum design, notes that both TBL and PBL encourage students to take responsibility for their learning, make decisions, and work with others to find solutions. Both methodologies, therefore, aim to cultivate not only academic skills but also personal and professional competencies, suchas teamwork, communication, and adaptability. Both TBL and PBL are associated with increased student engagement, motivation, and retention. According to a study by Dr. B.Lockee and colleagues, students in PBL environments reported higher levels of satisfaction and engagement with their learning compared to those in traditional lecture-based settings. The active nature of both approaches helps to captu