INCIDENCE, ETIOLOGY, AND PATHOGENESIS OF ORAL DISEASES IN PATIENTS ON HEMODIALYSIS

Аннотация

Introduction:Hemodialysis (HD) is one of the main methods of treatment for patients with end- stage renal failure. Although this procedure is aimed at improving the quality of life of patients, long-term hemodialysis can lead to various pathological changes in the oral cavity. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of oral diseases in hemodialysis patients and to analyze the pathogenesis of these diseases . Materials and methods: 158 patients were recruited for the study. Of these, 108 were hemodialysis patients, 30 were patients with renal failure but not undergoing HD, and 30 were healthy controls. During the study, the dental condition of the patients was assessed through clinical and laboratory tests. Results and discussion: According to the results of the study, oral diseases were observed in 70% of hemodialysis patients. In particular, a high incidence of xerostomia (dry mouth syndrome), gingivitis, stomatitis and mucositis was found. Uremic toxins and electrolyte imbalance were the main factors in the development of these pathological processes. Conclusion: A high incidence of oral diseases was observed among hemodialysis patients. It is necessary to develop individual dental care programs for these patients. At the same time, it is important to ensure hydration and recommend rinsing theoral cavity with antisepticagents. Keywords:hemodialysis, oral cavity, xerostomia, stomatitis, gingivitis, mucositis Chronic renal failure (CRF) is currently one of the most pressing challenges facing the global healthcare system. As a result of the gradual decline in kidney function, various pathological processes develop in the body, including a high incidence of oral diseases. In the final stage of CRF, hemodialysis is recommended for patients. Although this method is of vital importance, patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis experience significant changes invarious organs and systems, inparticular, in theoral cavity[1.2.4]. Oral diseases are one of the most common problems in hemodialysis patients. Studies show that dental pathologies are much more common in such patients than in the general population. In particular, xerostomia (dry mouth), gingivitis, periodontitis, mucosal inflammation, caries and other diseases are more common. This condition can negatively affect the overall quality of life ofpatients and lead to impaired chewing, swallowing andspeech functions [3.5]. Several factors contribute to the high incidence of oral diseases in hemodialysis patients. These include fluid and electrolyte imbalances, metabolic changes, drug interactions, decreased immunity, and difficulty in maintaining hygiene. In particular, hemodialysis patients experience significant changes inthe oral microflora due to decreased salivary secretion. This predisposes to https://ijmri.de/index.php/jmsi volume 4,issue2,2025 641 thedevelopment ofcaries andinflammatory diseases[2.5.6]. Recent medical and dental research suggests that the prevention and treatment of oral diseases in hemodialysis patients requires a comprehensive approach. This includes regular dental check-ups, the use of personal hygiene products, metabolic rebalancing treatments, and the use of modern therapeutic methods. In addition, it is important to raise the awareness of doctors and patients about oral health [7,8]. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the causes of oral diseases in hemodialysis patients, their clinical manifestations, and effective treatment and prevention methods. The results of the study will serve to develop measures aimed at improving the quality of life of patients and reducing dental problems. MATERIALSAND METHODS This study aimed to assess the incidence of oral diseases in hemodialysis patients, their causes, and treatment methods. The study was conducted in the Vobkent District Medical Association, BukharaRegion. Research participants: A total of 108 hemodialysis patients participated in the study. In addition, 30 patients with chronic renal failure (CKD) who did not require dialysis and 30 healthy controls were recruited. Thepatients were aged between 18 and 75years ,and 59were male and 49were female. Research methodology : 1. Clinical examination: The patients' oral mucosa, gum condition, dental hygiene, and inflammatory o processes were visuallyassessed. Thedegreeof xerostomiawas determined using a salivary secretion test. o Thedegreeof periodontal inflammation was assessed using thePeriodontal Index . o 2. Laboratory tests: ThepHlevel of salivawas measured. o Saliva inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF- α ) were examined using enzyme- o linkedimmunosorbent assay (ELISA). Blood biochemical parameters (urea, creatinine, phosphorus-calcium balance) of o patients onhemodialysis were evaluated. 3. Questionnaires and subjectiveassessments: A questionnaire was taken from patients regarding symptoms of dry mouth, bad o breath, pain, or inflammation. OHIP-14 (Oral Health Impact Profile-14) test was conducted