POLITENESS AS SOCIAL AND PRAGMATIC CATEGORY

Аннотация

Теория вежливости (TB) возникла в рамках прагматического подхода в лингвистике. Согласно этой теории, люди используют определённые стратегии для облегчения эффективной коммуникации. Эти стратегии помогают создать оптимальную и комфортную коммуникативную среду. В исследовании рассматривается, как социальные нормы, властные отношения и культурные ценности формируют выражение и интерпретацию вежливого поведения в дискурсе. Ключевые слова: вежливость, коммуникативные стратегии, положительное впечатление, стратегии вежливости, выражение интереса, проявление эмпатии, угрожающие лицу акты. Annotatsiya: Xushmuomalalik nazariyasi (XN) pragmatik yondashuv doirasida tilshunoslik sohasida yuzaga kelgan. Ushbu nazariyaga ko‘ra, shaxslar 301 "ZAMONAVIY TILSHUNOSLIK VA TARJIMASHUNOSLIKNING DOLZARB MUAMMOLARI" mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman samarali muloqotni ta’minlash uchun maxsus strategiyalardan foydalanadilar. Bu strategiyalar ularga qulay va optimal kommunikativ muhit yaratishga yordam beradi. Tadqiqotda ijtimoiy me’yorlar, munosabatlar kuchi va madaniy qadriyatlarning nutqdagi xushmuomalalikni ifodalash va tushunishga qanday ta’sir ko‘rsatishi o‘rganiladi. Kalit so‘zlar: Xushmuomalalik, kommunikativ strategiyalar, ijobiy taassurot, xushmuomalalik strategiyalari, qiziqish bildirish, hamdardlik ko‘rsatish, yuzdagi qo`rquvni ifodalovchi harakatlar. Politeness has been examined in various cultures for many years, with Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson’s Politeness theory gaining significant recognition. Brown and Levinson introduced the idea that politeness is a universal concept grounded in speech act theory [1;147]. However, their theory has been the subject of debate in academic circles. Politeness is commonly defined as a speaker’s effort to minimize the impact of face-threatening acts on the listener. Another perspective describes politeness as a set of social skills designed to ensure that all participants feel respected in an interaction. Thus, politeness can be viewed as an attempt by the speaker to preserve their own face or that of the person they are addressing. The core principles of Politeness theory were first outlined in Brown and Levinson’s work politeness: Some universals in language usage. Drawing from sociologist Erving Goffman’s research, they based their theory on the concept of "face," which represents two opposing human needs: the desire for social approval and acceptance (positive face) and the need for autonomy and independence in thought and action (negative face) [2;58]. Politeness is therefore seen as the ability to apply communicative strategies appropriately to different social situations. These strategies help speakers create a positive impression on their conversation partners and enhance their self-image, or alternatively, assert their personal space. Brown and Levinson expanded their framework by analyzing how communication acts can pose potential threats to an individual’s face. They argued that people instinctively try to protect their own face during interactions, often avoiding direct or overly explicit speech. As a result, they categorized politeness strategies into two main types: positive politeness (e.g., expressing interest, showing empathy) and face-threatening acts (e.g., conveying pessimism, making apologies). Furthermore, they identified three key socio-cultural factors that influence the perception of face-threatening acts: the level of social 302 "ZAMONAVIY TILSHUNOSLIK VA TARJIMASHUNOSLIKNING DOLZARB MUAMMOLARI" mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman distance between speakers, their relative power, and the ranking of the act within a given social context. Politeness theory (PT) has sparked some debates in academic circles. One of the Iranian scholars, Mino Hasanzadeh Goorabi, has stated that politeness is the speaker's intention to mitigate face threats that may arise toward the listener [3;7]. Politeness is an essential aspect of human interaction, serving as both a social convention and a pragmatic strategy. As a social norm, it influences behavior to promote harmonious communication, while pragmatically, it helps speakers convey their messages effectively while reducing potential conflicts and face-threatening acts (FTAs). From a societal viewpoint, politeness is shaped by cultural norms, traditions, and interpersonal dynamics. Different communities have distinct standards for politeness, influenced by factors such as: ➢ Social hierarchy – Politeness varies based on power relations, social rank, and the level of respect required in different contexts. ➢ Cultural norms – Some cultures prioritize indirect and humble communication, whereas others prefer straightforwardness and clarity. ➢ Group cohesion – Politeness plays a role in strengthening social ties and maintaining a sense of belonging within groups. The audience claps, signaling their approval of the soloist's performance, while the soloist bows repeatedly, seemingly expressing humility in accepting