COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MEANING EXPANSION AND NARROWING OF QUALITATIVE ADJECTIVES IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK

Аннотация

Эта статья рассматривает семантические изменения значений прилагательных, включая сужение и расширение, в английском и узбекском языках. Язык является средством формирования мыслей и передачи информации другим людям. Прилагательное играет важную роль в языковых аспектах, описывая существительное. Естественным фактором является то, что язык со временем изменяется, поэтому в этой статье проводится сравнительный анализ факторов, влияющих на эти изменения. Ключевые слова: семантические изменения, сужение прилагательных, расширение прилагательных, сравнительный анализ. Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada ingliz va o‘zbek tillarida sifatlarning maʼno o‘zgarishlari, jumladan, torayish va kengayish jarayonlari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Til fikrlarni shakllantirish va boshqalarga maʼlumot yetkazish vositasidir. Sifat tilda muhim rol o‘ynaydi, chunki u otni tasvirlaydi. Tilning vaqt o‘tishi bilan o‘zgarishi tabiiy hodisadir, shuning uchun ushbu maqolada ushbu o‘zgarishlarga ta’sir qiluvchi omillar solishtirma tahlil qilinadi. Kalit soʻzlar: semantic oʻzgarish, torayish sifati, kengayish sifati, taqqoslash. Introduction: Language is a tool to transmit information, ideas and thoughts to other people, however over time language changes its structure and meaning of the words which influenced by linguistic factors such as extralinguistic and interlinguistic. By analyzing this information about semantic change and comparison of both languages, we aim to consider differences and patterns of language 310 "ZAMONAVIY TILSHUNOSLIK VA TARJIMASHUNOSLIKNING DOLZARB MUAMMOLARI" mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman development in how adjectives change their meaning in linguistic aspect. In English, these changes often result from social and technological advancements, whereas in Uzbek they are shaped by cultural and literary influences. Methodology: A change in meaning is called semantic change. Semantic change can occur to lexical categories, such as changes in meaning words, which used to have a specific meaning that it means nowadays, not only lexical categories may change but also in functional categories may also undergo changes: such as personal and demonstrative pronouns. It is natural occurrence for language to change meaning over time. Many historic linguists have studied this phenomenon of semantic change. In the Trask’s studies of historical linguistics explained semantic broadening and semantic narrowing. Elizabeth Traugott1 has been trying to prove some regularity of semantic change. She considers three tendencies in semantic change. Tendency 1: external descriptions of reality become internal descriptions of perceptions and evolutions. Tendency 2: external and internal descriptions become textual meanings – that is, they acquire meanings that give over the structure to discourse. Tendency 3: meanings become increasingly based in speaker’s subjective beliefs and attitudes. Literature review: In our article analysis that semantic changes have been studied by many linguists, they studied language changes its structure over time, and we think that extralinguistic factors also influence on language change. For example, Lakoff and Johnson2 (1980) in their studies uncovered that “the semantic evolution of words is linked to human cognition, worldview and methods of conceptualization”. This theory explains that meaning expansion often occurs through the concretization of abstract concept, whereas meaning narrowing is associated with the specialization of general notions. Additionally, studying semantic transformations in English and Uzbek language is crucial for translation studies and lexicography. Ferdinand de Saussure3 is a Swiss linguist, who examined the issue of synchrony and diachrony. His main thesis is that “at any given moment, speech activity presupposes both an established system and evolution, at any moment, language is both a living activity and a product of the past”. Other historic linguists, Brinton and Traugott4 also examined semantic transformation which includes narrowing and expansion. In Uzbek studies, A. Berdaliev and I. Ermatov5 in their books, studied what is narrowing and broadening, when did it change and which factors have been influenced on change of meaning. Results: In linguists, the semantic changes of adjectives occur under the influence of various factors, leading to the expansion or narrowing of their meaning. The narrowing broadening of adjectives meaning is a process in which their sense 311 "ZAMONAVIY TILSHUNOSLIK VA TARJIMASHUNOSLIKNING DOLZARB MUAMMOLARI" mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman becomes more specific or more general depending on the context. Linguistic evolution was studied not only from a linguistic analysis perspective or historical theories but also from psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic viewpoints. Meaning narrowing also known as specialization, is a linguistic process in which a word’s meaning becomes more specific over time. This phenomenon is an essential aspect of semanti