THE ROLE OF FRENCH LOANWORDS WITHIN THE ENGLISH LEXICON PERTAINING TO FASHION AND CLOTHING

Аннотация

Английский язык обладает богатой и разнообразной историей, значительно сформированной притоком слов, заимствованных из других языков. Значение французских заимствований в английском лексиконе, относящемся к моде и одежде, подчеркивается значительным влиянием французской культуры и языка на английский словарь, особенно в сфере моды и одежды. По мере того как мировые модные тенденции продолжают развиваться и смешиваться, понимание происхождения и значения этих заимствований становится все более актуальным. Французский исторически ассоциируется с элегантностью, изысканностью и стилем, что делает его лексику особенно заметной в обсуждениях о моде. Интеграция французских терминов в английский язык отражает не только лингвистическую адаптацию, но и культурный обмен и эволюцию моды как формы самовыражения. Ключевые слова: заимствования, галлицизмы, французские заимствования, среднеанглийский период, мода (moda), XIX век, От-кутюр, haute Couture. English is one of the languages that borrowings comprise the biggest percentage of the vocabulary. Statistics illustrate that almost 80% of words in English were borrowed over the years [1]. However, Philip Durkin states that exact ifigures and percentages are problematic for various reasons [2;27]. According to him, such figures can only refer to a particular period: the proportions in contemporary English will not at all be the same as those in sixteenth- or seventeenth-century English, for example. Secondly, we must consider whose English we are talking about, American or British. Once we have decided which registers, varieties, and others we want to take into account, we have the practical problem of arriving at a wordlist. Fourthly, once we have our wordlist, we have the problem of assessing and classifying etymologies, deciding which words are borrowed and which are not. Even without giving an exact number about the percentage of loanwords, it can still be said that borrowings have a significant influence on the English vocabulary. We use them every day, everywhere, even not knowing they are originally borrowings. 156 "ZAMONAVIY TILSHUNOSLIK VA TARJIMASHUNOSLIKNING DOLZARB MUAMMOLARI" mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman Celtic, Latin, and Scandinavian were the main languages that introduced many new words to the English lexicon during the Old English period; however, by the Middle English period, the number of donating languages has sensibly increased. As a result of the Norman Conquest in 1065, French began its dominance in the field of giving words to English, along with Latin and Scandinavian. The Norman Conquest put the English in second place, French words began appearing in different aspects of life. As more people learned to speak French, the more English got affected by bilingualism. Words related to law, government, military, cuisine, goods…were borrowed. Norman influence can also be seen in grammatical and phonological aspects of the English language. Many spelling and pronunciation changes came along with French borrowings. By the beginning of the 15th century, English spelling was a mixture of two systems, Old English and French [3;9]. The French influence was especially huge in the vocabulary of 13th century English. Over 10000 new words were introduced into English and these words mainly related to the fields of law, administration, art, and fashion. Over 70 per cent of the words were nouns, a large number of which were abstract terms, constructed using such new French affixes as con-, trans-, pre-, -ance, -tion, and –ment. Circa 75 per cent of these words are still in the modern language. Philip Durkin showed some statistical numbers of the etymology of Middle English French borrowings. According to him, French etymologies made up 20 % of the whole number, whereas 15% referred only to Latin and 13% were made up from both languages [4; 256-257]. The Early Modern English was also highly affected by French borrowings through the Renaissance. Along with other European languages English continued taking words from French. Words in the fields of government, military and food were introduced. The 17th century was significant in the history of the French loans as the period in matters of literature and social communication. In the 18th century, food and cooking continued to engage French borrowings. The 19th century was a rich century in borrowing French words. These included the usual military terms those relating to art and letters, textiles and furniture.[5;376]. If we dive deeper into the English vocabulary, we may realize the number of everyday words own French origin. One of the themes French introduced many words is undoubtedly the topic of fashion and clothing. Since the early beginning of the Middle English period, English borrowed many fashion-related words so that we may not recognize them as French borrowing, and most of them have already become part of the English lexicon. Beginning with the word fashion, the word was used in English for many