THE PRAGMATICS OF GENDER DIFFERENCES IN COMMUNICATION

Аннотация

Это исследование изучает прагматические вопросы гендерных различий в общении с точки зрения лингвистического и научного подхода, фокусирующегося на дискурсе мужчин и женщин. Исследование рассматривает речевые акты, разговорные стили и нормы взаимодействия, чтобы оценить, как по-разному создается язык мужчинами и женщинами, и имеют ли эти различия последствия для самих коммуникаторов-мужчин и женщин. Этот представленный тезис использует лингвистическую теорию, гендерные исследования и эмпирические данные, используемые для всеобъемлющего понимания гендерной коммуникации. Ключевые слова: прагматика, гендер, речь, язык, стиль, коммуникация, социализация. Annotatsiya: Ushbu tadqiqot suhbat jarayonida gender masalalari farqlarining pragmatikasini lingvistik va ilmiy yondashuvdan kelib chiqib, erkaklar va ayollar o‘rtasidagi nutqqa qaratilgan. Tadqiqot nutq harakatlari, suhbat uslublari va o‘zaro ta’sir me’yorlarini ko‘rib chiqadi hamda erkaklar va ayollar tomonidan til qanday farqlanadi, shuningdek, bu farqlar erkak va ayol kommunikatorlarning o‘zlari uchun oqibatlarga olib keladimi yoki yo‘qligini baholashdan iborat. Ushbu taqdim etilgan tezis lingvistik nazariya, gender tadqiqotlari va gender aloqasini chuqur tushunish uchun ishlatiladigan empirik ma’lumotlardan foydalanadi. Kalit so'zlar: pragmatika, jins, nutq, til, uslub, muloqot, sotsializatsiya. 118 "ZAMONAVIY TILSHUNOSLIK VA TARJIMASHUNOSLIKNING DOLZARB MUAMMOLARI" mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman Pragmatics or the context, under which meanings are established in communicative situations, is what this study deals with. Some quirky issues the gender’s role might play are speech act performance (e.g., request, apology, command), politeness strategies, turn-taking and conversational implicates. The pragmatic differences can be socially constructive – disturbing - that is, how gender influences interpersonal relationships and perception of authority, cooperation and dominance during discourse. While studying the speech of male and female in communicative basis, one may notice some particular linguistic features of men’s and women’s communication styles. Some key areas include the following categories as, speech acts - these contrast how women and men make requests, give commands, apologize and express agreement/disagreement; conversational style - when men use direct and assertive language, while women employ indirect, cooperative and polite speech patterns; Turn- Taking and Interruptions - in this context, men interrupt more and dominate conversation, whereas women use backchanneling cues to invite discussion; Lexical Choices and Intonation - women employ more reluctance such as (…I think, maybe) and tag questions such as, (…It is nice, isn't it?), while men prefer plain assertiveness. According to R. Lakoff, the language of women is more tentative and polite. The features are hedging - for example, “I think”, “maybe” - tag questions, such as “It’s nice, isn’t it?”, and indirect speech which such as “Would it be possible to submit the report by Friday?” instead of “Submit the report by Friday” - makes them look less assertive in speaking. This, linguistic style is a product of society where women are expected to be more deferential and accommodating in all conversation settings. [6; 22] As it was mentioned in Model of Difference by D. Tannen, “…Men and women have different communication styles shaped by socialization, as she said. According to scholar, men generally use “report talk” focused on information and status, while women use “rapport talk” focused on relationships and understanding. This difference can appear in everyday situations. It could be how they react in a problem situation. A man may provide solutions while a woman seeks emotional support and connection. Men compete for dominance in discussion groups and create ties that are important for women. [7; 86] Gender communication is not fixed but changes according to the situation. While conducting research on communicative differences on male and female’s speech D. Cameron says that, “…the speech of male and female is not fixed actually, but varies with social context, power relationship between them and individual's personal experience. For example, a female CEO would mostly probably speak directly and assertively in the board meetings, just like other male counterparts, while a male caregiver would use nurturing and empathetic language at home”. [3; 56] D. Cameron’s 119 "ZAMONAVIY TILSHUNOSLIK VA TARJIMASHUNOSLIKNING DOLZARB MUAMMOLARI" mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman model does not mention anything about gender being the only factor influencing language use. Occupation, culture, and individual personality also play roles in influencing language use. According to D. Tannen, “…males tend to be more literal when it comes to speech acts, issuing commands or statements of fact. A man might say, “Give me the report by noon”, but a woman might put it more tentatively and use “Could