ETYMOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL-EXPRESSIVE ANALYSIS OF ACHROMATIC COLORS

Аннотация

This article explores the etymological and emotional-expressive aspects of achromatic colors, focusing on their semantic evolution, cultural significance, and lexical classification in Karakalpak and English. The study highlights the challenges of categorizing color-denoting adjectives and examines how historical, cultural, and linguistic factors shape color perception. Keywords: etymology, achromatic colors, color perception, color symbolism, lexical semantics, cultural linguistics, emotional-expressive meaning. Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada axromatik ranglarning etimologik va hissiy- ifodaviy jihatlari o‘rganilib, ularning semantik rivojlanishi, madaniy ahamiyati hamda qoraqalpoq va ingliz tillaridagi leksik tasnifi tadqiq etilgan. Tadqiqotda rang ifodalovchi sifatlarni turkumlashdagi qiyinchiliklar yoritilgan va tarixiy, madaniy hamda lingvistik omillarning rangni idrok etishga ta’siri ko‘rib chiqilgan. Kalit so‘zlar: etimologiya, axromatik ranglar, rang idrokі, rang ramziyati, leksik semantika, madaniy tilshunoslik, hissiy-ifodaviy ma’no. Аннотация: В данной статье рассматриваются этимологические и эмоционально-экспрессивные аспекты ахроматических цветов, с акцентом на их семантическую эволюцию, культурное значение и лексическую классификацию в каракалпакском и английском языках. В исследовании подчеркиваются проблемы классификации прилагательных, обозначающих цвет, и изучается, как исторические, культурные и лингвистические факторы формируют восприятие цвета. Ключевые слова: этимология, ахроматические цвета, цветоощущение, цветовая символика, лексическая семантика, лингвокультурология, эмоционально-экспрессивное значение. The global issue of color perception is fundamentally a problem of color classification. In linguistics, when describing color terms, researchers primarily face the challenge of classifying color-denoting adjectives. When constructing a semantic connection model among "color names," we encounter the impossibility of finding a single principle for selecting and classifying lexical units. During the research, it was observed that the number of words constituting the "color field" did not remain constant in both languages and at different stages of language development (See Table 1). 122 "ZAMONAVIY TILSHUNOSLIK VA TARJIMASHUNOSLIKNING DOLZARB MUAMMOLARI" mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman Table 1 Traditional and historical "color field" of color names Reń Inglis tili Qaraqalpaq tili White/aq Alabaster, Boz, Tebig, Char (yakut.) Kiin Ivory, Eggshell, (altay.), Aqsiraq, Tudas, Urug, Ecru, Pearl Aqsiraq беловатый, Čal, Čadir, Jurun Red/qızıl Crimson, Al, Chıǵır, Qan, Sor (tuvin.), Vermillion Ar, Arsal, Atas qizil, Ar, Arsal, Atas Carnation, qizil Rosewood Qiryu, Jepin, Jepun Cerise, Madder, Claret Yellow/sari Amber, Ochre, Altın, Shaar (tuvin.), Ej, Eträk, Flaxen Jurun, Qafyara, Qonur, Ŝaŝut Saffron, Canary Green/jasil Viridian, Changıjıl (tuvin.), Shóp, Kók Charteure, Jade, Emerald, Moss, Olive Blue/kok Azure, Cobalt, Kógiltir, Changıkók (tuvin), Cerulean Čеč/čеŝ, Čüvit Indigo, Prussian blue, Lapis Brown/qonir Umber, Sepia, Jiren, Kumay, Topiraq, Kula, Sienna, Russet, Tawny Jayiz Black/qara Jet, Onyx, Tumas (tuvin.), Zani, Qarariy Ebony, Pitch Most of these color names in English have been used for centuries and are associated with natural materials, minerals, or historical dyes. In contrast, names in the Karakalpak language are often linked to natural objects (herbs, sky, fruits), materials (wool, gold), or characteristics of a nomadic lifestyle. They not only denote colors but also carry symbolic and cultural significance. In Turkic written monuments, several definitions of the color "red" have been given by various scholars: 1) rozoviy, rumyanıy (Pink, rosy); 2) Feyillesken atlıq (Nominalized verb); 3) Kishreytiriwshi-erkeletiwshi forma “qız” Diminutive-endearing form of "girl"); 4) Qızarıw hám qaynaw sózlerinen kelip shıqqan; qız + sıl eki morfemadan turıwshı sóz esaplanadı (Derived from the words "qızarıw" (to redden) and "qaynaw" (to boil), considered a word consisting of two morphemes: "qız" + "sıl"); 5) Qız – qırarıw – 123 "ZAMONAVIY TILSHUNOSLIK VA TARJIMASHUNOSLIKNING DOLZARB MUAMMOLARI" mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman qaynaw semantikalıq jolǵa iye bolǵan “qız” feyilden payda bolǵan sóz ("Qız" is a word derived from the verb "qız" which has a semantic path of reddening – boiling); 6) Chagatay tilindegi “jalın” qız túbirinen payda bolǵan eki bólekten turadı (The word "flame" in the Chagatai language consists of two parts derived from the root "qız"); 7) “Kut” kóz-tiymesinde qollanılatuǵın qızıl reńli gezlemege oralǵan nárse, mifologiyalıq semantika ("Kut" refers to an object wrapped in red cloth used in protection against the evil eye, carrying mythological semantics); 8) Muxabbat simvolikası (Symbolism of love). When considering these descriptions in general, the formation of adjectives from nouns is regarded as a widely prevalent method. Firstly, color names fully c