VARIOUS CLASSIFICATIONS OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Аннотация

В этой статье представлен обзор основных классификаций фразеологических единиц (ФЕ) в английском языке, исследуются различные критерии, такие как семантическая мотивация, структурные свойства и функциональные характеристики. В ней рассматривается вклад таких выдающихся лингвистов, как Виноградов, Кунин и Глэзер, и освещаются их соответствующие подходы к категоризации идиом и устойчивых выражений. Цель статьи - дать всестороннее понимание сложностей, присущих фразеологии, и ее решающей роли в обогащении коммуникации. Ключевые слова: фразеологические единицы, идиомы, устойчивые выражения, классификации, семантическая мотивация, структурные свойства, функциональные характеристики. Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada ingliz tilidagi frazeologik birliklarning (FB) asosiy tasniflari haqida umumiy ma'lumot berilgan, semantik motivatsiya, strukturaviy xususiyatlar va funktsional xususiyatlar kabi turli mezonlarni o'rganib chiqadi. U Vinogradov, Kunin va Glezer kabi taniqli tilshunoslarning hissalarini o'rganadi va ularning idiomalar va iboralarni turkumlashda tegishli yondashuvlarini ta'kidlaydi. Ushbu maqolaning maqsadi frazeologiyaga xos bo'lgan murakkabliklar va uning muloqotni boyitishdagi hal qiluvchi roli haqida har tomonlama tushuncha berishdir. 62 "ZAMONAVIY TILSHUNOSLIK VA TARJIMASHUNOSLIKNING DOLZARB MUAMMOLARI" mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman Kalit so’zlar: frazeologik birliklar, idiomalar, to'plam iboralari, tasniflar, semantik motivatsiya, strukturaviy xususiyatlar, funktsional xususiyatlar. Phraseological units (PUs), also known as idioms or fixed expressions, are an essential component of the English language, contributing significantly to its richness, expressiveness, and nuanced communication. These multi-word expressions, characterized by their semantic indivisibility and relative stability, have long been a subject of fascination and intensive research within linguistics. This has resulted in the development of various classifications aimed at categorizing PUs based on different criteria, providing valuable insights into their nature, structure, meaning, and function. The classification of phraseological units has been a subject of extensive research, with various approaches emphasizing their semantic, structural, and functional characteristics.This article offers a comprehensive overview of some of the most influential and widely recognized classifications of phraseological units in English. Phraseological units are idiomatic expressions characterized by stability, reproducibility, and idiomaticity. They function as indivisible linguistic units in speech and writing. Their meaning is often figurative and culturally embedded, making them essential for understanding language usage and structure[3][5]. Classifications Based on Structural-Semantic Principles 1. Nominative Phraseological Units: These include word groups with one meaningful word or coordinative phrases like "wear and tear" or "well and good." They primarily name objects or phenomena[1]. 2. Nominative-Communicative Units: These consist of verbal word groups that transform into sentences in specific contexts, such as "to break the ice" becoming "the ice is broken"[1]. 3. Interjectional Units: These represent emotional expressions or reactions, functioning neither as nominative nor communicative[1]. 4. Communicative Units: Proverbs and sayings fall under this category, such as "An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening," which convey complete thoughts or moral lessons[1]. 1. Vinogradov’s Semantic Classification (1977):[3] V.V. Vinogradov's classification, arguably the cornerstone of phraseological studies, focuses on the degree of semantic transparency or opacity between the components of a PU and its overall idiomatic meaning. He identifies three key types: Phraseological Fusions (Idioms Proper): These represent the highest degree of semantic opacity. The meaning of the entire unit bears absolutely no direct relationship to the individual meanings of its constituent words. Examples include “kick the bucket” (to die), and “red herring” (a distraction or misleading clue). The idiomatic meaning is entirely conventionalized. 63 "ZAMONAVIY TILSHUNOSLIK VA TARJIMASHUNOSLIKNING DOLZARB MUAMMOLARI" mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman Phraseological Unities: In these PUs, a metaphorical connection can be traced between the literal meanings of the component words and the overall idiomatic meaning. However, the unit as a whole functions with a single, unified idiomatic sense. Examples include “bury the hatchet” (to make peace), and “spill the beans” (to reveal a secret). While metaphorical, the underlying image contributes to understanding the meaning. Phraseological Combinations: These display the lowest degree of semantic opacity. One component retains its literal meaning, while the other is "phraseologically bound," meaning it can only occur in combination with specific words to convey a specific meaning. For example, in the expr