PRAGMATIC APPROACHES TO TRANSLATION STUDIES

Аннотация

В статье рассматриваются ключевые концепции, связанные с влиянием прагматических аспектов на процесс перевода. Незнание прагматических принципов может подорвать общую адекватность целевого текста и привести к непониманию или неправильной реконструкции идей автора при переводе. Ключевые слова: прагматика, процесс перевода, речевые акты, импликатуры, дейксис, пресуппозиции. Translation is not merely a mechanical process of substituting words from one language to another. It is an interpretive act that requires deep understanding of context, culture, and communication intentions. This is where pragmatics, the study of language in use and context, plays a vital role. Pragmatic approaches to translation studies emphasize the necessity of transferring not just linguistic content but the intended meaning and communicative function behind that content. Traditional translation theories often prioritize formal equivalence, but this can lead to unnatural or ineffective communication in the target language. The pragmatic approach in translation studies shifts the focus from rigid fidelity to functional effectiveness, considering how meaning is negotiated in real-world situations. Pragmatics is primarily concerned with the ways in which context influences the interpretation of meaning. It goes beyond literal meanings of words to consider speaker intention, listener interpretation, and the situational use of language. In translation, pragmatics is essential for achieving what is called “pragmatic equivalence,” where the translated message fulfills the same communicative purpose in the target language (TL) as it does in the source language (SL). 21 "ZAMONAVIY TILSHUNOSLIK VA TARJIMASHUNOSLIKNING DOLZARB MUAMMOLARI" mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman One fundamental concept in pragmatics is Speech Act Theory, proposed by Austin and further developed by Searle. It divides utterances into three categories: locutionary (the actual utterance), illocutionary (the intended function), and perlocutionary acts (the effect on the listener). Translators must preserve the illocutionary force in translation. For example, the phrase “Can you help me?” is technically a question but functions as a polite request. A literal translation that ignores this pragmatics could misrepresent the speaker’s intent, leading to confusion or miscommunication. Another key concept is H.Grice’s theory of implicature, which deals with implied meaning rather than what is explicitly stated. Based on conversational maxims (Quantity, Quality, Relevance, and Manner) H.Grice’s theory explains how readers / listeners infer additional meaning from what is said. [2; 45] Translators must recognize these implicatures and reproduce them appropriately in the TL. A failure to convey an implicature can either confuse the reader or flatten the nuance of the original message. For example, the statement “It’s cold in here” might be a subtle request to close a window or unwillingness to do something. Rendering this statement in another language requires the translator to understand this intention and decide whether to maintain the ambiguity or make the request explicit, depending on cultural norms by paraphrasing this statement having broken the norms of equivalence. Deixis is another crucial pragmatic feature. Deictic expressions like “here,” “now,” and “you” are context-dependent and anchored to the speaker’s perspective. In translation, the referential framework may shift. For instance, “They’ll have to do that tomorrow, because they aren’t here now” might need to be adapted depending on the location and time context in the target culture. However, previously the information expressed by the deictic expressions should clarified through the context. “It is asserted that deixis assumes a principal place in the study of context due to the fact that it represents the solitary most noticeable way in which the speech settings is encoded in language structure itself. Such expressions appear in all human languages and possess a number of fascinating features that set them apart from other interactive resources, verbal and nonverbal. It is assumed that as long as language is basic to human sociality, deixis is basic to language through its capability of constituting both subjects and objects.” [3; 191] Misalignment of deixis can disrupt the coherence and clarity of the translated text. Presupposition refers to background assumptions embedded in statements. “The notion of presupposition involves the specification of the concepts of truth, falsity and logical form. Discussions of presupposition also broach a theory of meaning underlying the concept of logical form and extending well beyond it. Linguists, however, have used the notion “presupposition” in multitudinous ways. This could be explained by the fact that the use of the term “presupposition” is conditioned by the framework in 22 "ZAMONAVIY TILSHUNOSLIK VA TARJIMASHUNOSLIKNING DOLZARB MUAMMOLARI" mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmi