Специфические аспекты архитектуры Ташкентского региона во второй половине XIX века — начале XX века

Аннотация

Ключевые слова: В данной работе рассматриваются изменения в старая часть города, архитектуре Ташкента в период колониальной эпохи новая часть города, Российской империи, с акцентом на строительные военная крепость, проекты, реализованные русскими, и характерные черты железная дорога, радиально-кольцевая, местной архитектуры. Также исследуется введение новых архитектор, архитектурных стилей, проникших в страну в результате каменная дорога, российского вторжения, их влияние на местную генерал-губернатор, архитектуру, новые здания, построенные в Ташкенте, и их кирпич, особенности. Подробно обсуждается взаимодействие карниз, композиция, восточных и европейских архитектурных стилей. архитектура. The colonial power established in Turkestan by the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century not only deprived the local population of political rights but also affected the national cultural values. During this period, along with very complex socio- political events, rapid and intense changes took place in its cultural life. In particular, this process was also noticeable in the country's architecture. The imperial government forced European architectural traditions and styles to enter the country. This process was taking place based on several main factors. First, after the Russians entered Central Asia, they destroyed the city arch and fortress wall and built Russian fortresses. Such fortresses had a purely military appearance and were built mainly for support and control. For example, the new constructions built in the summer and autumn of 1865 were intended for this purpose. The main one was the new fortress, the construction work of which was started immediately after the conquest of Tashkent. This fort has a hexagonal shape and was destroyed in September 1865. It has three gates, of the military officers who fought bravely in the conquest of the city. he was called by his name, that is, Obukha, Khmelev, Mesyatsev. Inside the fortress, there are residential buildings for 6 infantry companies, a military hospital with 150 beds, and ammunition depots. It was not by chance that a large group of military constructions were located here. He took control of the road leading to the gates of Kokand and Kashghar and made it possible to immediately send troops to the old city center in case of necessity [6. B.75- 76]. In addition, as a result of the invasions of the Russian troops and mutual wars between the khanates in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, most of the architectural monuments were destroyed and it became necessary to restore them [6, B.54- 55]. Secondly, Russian capitalism and the settlement of people of other languages and religions in Central Asia directly affected the structure of the city[2, B.120]. Thirdly, as a result of the reforms carried out by some local rulers in the field of architecture, new styles entered the country. For example, at the beginning of the 20th century, reforms were carried out in the Kokan Khanate. Khudoyar Khan was at the head of 94 Жамият ва инновациялар – Общество и инновации – Society and innovations Special Issue – 08 (2024) / ISSN 2181-1415 the reforms. In addition to carrying out internal political reforms, he realized the need to build new educational schools, a hospital, a pharmacy, and communication departments, and allocated the necessary funds for their construction. Great attention was paid to construction based on new principles, extensive use of imported materials. Invited architects together with local craftsmen took an active part in the construction [6, B.61]. Fourthly, at the beginning of the 20th century, the structure of cities was greatly affected by the transfer of railways. In particular, industrial zones are developed in the areas of cities where railways pass. This aspect is visible even today in the structure of cities [7, B.26]. Changes such as the appearance of railway transport in the country, the construction of stone roads and improved Russian towns, the introduction of some rational methods in agriculture and the introduction of new crops, the use of many improved tools in farming and crafts, and the changes of the local people gradually began to have a positive effect on economic and cultural development and household lifestyle. In cities such as Tashkent, Samarkand, Fergana, and Jizzakh, representatives of the rich class began to build houses similar to Russian residential buildings [1, B.190]. The city of Tashkent was surrounded by a straw wall before it was conquered by the Russian Empire, the area was 1.6 thousand (population 80 thousand). After 1865, a new city was established on the left bank of Ankhor, the administrative center of the Turkestan region. In the "old city" of Tashkent city, many buildings built based on folk architecture traditions are unique for their neatness and comfort, earthquake resistance, and adaptation to hot climate [3, B. 243]. After Tashkent was occupied by the Russian Empire, new buildings for mili