Внешняя политика Великобритании в Центральноазиатском регионе в период 2001-2021 гг.

Аннотация

Ключевые слова: В статье рассматриваются состояние и развитие Великобритания, центральноазиатского вектора внешней политики Центральная Азия, Великобритании в период 2001–2021 гг. Для упрощения внешняя политика, анализа статья изучает политику трех премьер-министров Тони Блэр, Гордон Браун, страны Тони Блэра, Гордона Брауна и Дэвида Кэмерона в Дэвид Кэмерон, отношении Центральной Азии. Раскрыты основные бизнес-интересы, приоритеты, различия и сходства между стратегическими экономическое видениями вышеупомянутых глав правительств. Также сотрудничество, автором исследованы основные факторы повлиявшие на международные отношения. присутствие Великобритании в Центральной Азии. At the beginning of the new century, in 2000, the world entered with new types of threats, risks, opportunities and with a new rhetoric of international relations. The events of September 11, 2001, attracted the attention of the global community, primarily of the developed countries of the West, to Afghanistan and the partially adjacent Central Asian region. However, even despite the rich history of relations between the United Kingdom and the former state formations in Central Asia such as the Bukhara Emirate or the Khiva Khanate, and its active participation in the geopolitical games of the region during the Great Game in the 19th – early 20th centuries, the state of its foreign policy in Central Asia in the period of the global “crusade” against terrorism was not distinguished by its complexity or conceptualism. It was focused on two broad strategies – partly on the strategy of NATO alliance countries and with a great preponderance on the foreign policy visions of Tony Blair, the country’s prime minister. This example clearly shows that the foreign policy of Great Britain in the Central Asian region in the period 2001–2021 can be divided into three main parts, the foreign policy of T. Blair, G. Brown, and D. Cameron, heads of government. During the study of the material on the topic and its analysis, both theoretical and empirical methods of research were used. In particular, the historical-chronological method contributed to the identification of the temporal structure of events related to the foreign policy of Great Britain in Central Asia during this period. The context analysis became the basis for studying the key priority areas of the concepts of the country’s prime ministers. The systemic method is used to structure the general ideological rhetoric in UK foreign policy in the Central Asian region. Also, the comparative analysis method was used to differentiate temporal and personal factors in the formation and implementation of this policy. The foreign policy of Great Britain in a fairly long period (from 1997 to 2007) of Tony Blair’s tenure as Prime Minister of the country differed from the previous policy of John Major (1990–1997) in its scope based on “three “big ideas”, namely, multilateralism, Atlanticism and neo-liberalism” [1:911]. On the one hand, the United Kingdom sought to finalize its position in the EU, to step up against new threats within NATO, and to differentiate British foreign policy, especially in a trade and economic context. 12 Жамият ва инновациялар – Общество и инновации – Society and innovations Issue – 5 № 5 (2024) / ISSN 2181-1415 Since the political activity of Great Britain during the second administration of Tony Blair gradually but fully focused on the war in Afghanistan and “culminated in the long-drawn-out disputes over Iraq” [4], Central Asia, as a region with political significance, and without becoming fully conceptualized in British official stand, began to move into one of the last ranks in London’s priorities. However, in economic terms, Great Britain tried to maintain its position in the region. Traditionally, the country’s foreign policy in Central Asia was based on the priority of British oil and gas companies, as well as companies specializing in providing services to the oil and gas sector (financial, research, consulting, etc.) – leaders of British, European and world business in general. And through the prism of their interests in the Caspian region [3:58]. In this regard, for the UK, the most profitable partner since gaining independence has been Kazakhstan, one of the largest countries in the Caspian region and the largest country rich in natural resources, which also pursues an active policy of attracting investors. As many experts note, T. Blair’s government followed the path of strengthening the "strategic partnership" with Astana to ensure the interests of not only oil and gas, but also other British companies. The annual volume of export of services of British companies to Kazakhstan significantly exceeds the volume of export of goods: about 900 million pounds during 2007–2008 [2]. British Aerospace has acquired a 49% stake in Kazakhstan’s national carrier Air Astana. Large Kazakh companies choose the London Stock Exchange to place their shares on the Western market. To strengt