General Physical Properties of Rain-Soaked Soils (On the Example of Zaaminsky District)

Аннотация

The article analyzes the general physical properties of rain-soaked soils of the Zaaminsky district. In conditions of climatic changes on rich soils, and always planting the same type of crop leads to a change in soil properties. The general physical properties of soils are of great importance for determining soil fertility, moisture consumption, mobility, and nutrient absorption. In the upper layer of undeveloped typical gray-earth soils, the density is 1.30-1.32 g/cm3, in the lower layers 1.38-1.40 g/cm3, compacting from top to bottom. On the southern slope of the rain-fed soils, it can be seen that in the arable and sub-arable soil layers it is 1.28-1.32 g/cm3, and in the lower layers it is 1.36- 1.40 g/cm3. Keywords: Dryland soil, light-colored loess soil, typical loess soil, dark-colored loess soil, nutrients, general physical properties, bulk density, specific gravity, total porosity. Introduction: The physical properties of soil are among the key factors determining its fertility. Among these, soil density and the structural condition of the plow layer play a leading role. The density of the soil layer influences the formation of its structure, aggregate index, water-air ratio, heat exchange within the soil, the ratio between solid parts and pores, the amount of European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 44 https://eipublication.com/index.php/eijmrms and Management Studies European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies particles, and their interrelation. Soil layer density rainfed soils were analyzed. depends on its quantitative composition, the ratio of The degradation of soil physical properties complicates aggregates of different sizes, and its granulometric water, nutrient, and air supply to plants, as well as soil composition. The magnitude of soil density also reflects tillage processes. Studying the general physical the rate of anthropogenic impact on the soil [1]. properties of rainfed typical loess soils serves as a Soil density, along with total porosity, is also related to scientific basis for improving soil fertility, increasing the qualitative composition of the pores. As soil density crop yields, and implementing scientifically grounded increases, “active” capillary porosity and aeration farming systems. decrease, negatively affecting the soil's water and air Improvements in the physical properties of typical loess properties. In sandy loam and silty loam soils, the soils are primarily related to the abundance of water-physical condition is determined by the amount microaggregates and the activity of soil and quality of organic matter. Therefore, optimizing soil microorganisms. Soil density depends on its physical properties requires addressing organic matter mineralogical and mechanical composition, structural deficiency to create a positive balance that enhances condition, organic matter content, and the overall level fertility [1,2,3,4]. of agricultural management. Soils rich in humus and METHODS possessing good structure typically have lower density. Soil density significantly influences its water and air The object of research was the typical loess soils (bo‘z characteristics, the activity of microorganisms, and the soils) found in the Zomin district of Jizzakh region. Soil accumulation of essential nutrients for plant growth. In studies were conducted according to standard soils with high density, plant root respiration and methodologies widely accepted across the Republic. nutrient absorption become more difficult, creating RESULTS AND DISCUSSION unfavorable conditions for plant development. The general physical properties of soil are of great In the upper layer of undisturbed typical loess soil, importance in determining fertility and obtaining high density ranged between 1.30–1.32 g/cm³, while in the yields from agricultural crops, especially in rainfed lower layers it increased to 1.38–1.40 g/cm³, indicating (non-irrigated) soils where these factors are more densification with depth. In the plow and sub-plow pronounced. We studied the main ongoing processes in layers of rainfed soils on southern slopes, density the typical loess soils of the Zomin district. New ranged from 1.28–1.32 g/cm³, while in deeper layers it agrotechnological methods were applied to improve increased to 1.36–1.40 g/cm³ (see Table 1). soil fertility, and chickpeas (no‘xat) were cultivated. Before planting, both cultivated and uncultivated Table 1 General Physical Properties of Rainfed Typical Loess Soils Profile Number and Name Depth, cm Density, Specific Total Porosity, g/cm³ Gravity, % g/cm³ | 0-5 1,30 2,60 50,0 K-1 5-46 1,32 2,62 49,6 Undisturbed Soil 46-62 1,38 2,64 47,7 62-91 1,40 2,65 47,1 0-12 1,28 2,62 51,1 K-2 – Southern Slope 12-47 1,32 2,65 49,4 Cultivated Rainfed Soil 47-69 1,36 2,66 48,8 69-163 1,40 2,67 47,5 The bulk density of rainfed typical loess soils varies permeability, negatively affecting the plant’s access to depending on the d