The influence of instruction on learning a second language

Аннотация

Abstract: Teaching English to young learners in elementary school requires a structured approach that combines engaging activities, effective materials, and strong classroom management. Since children acquire languages naturally, methods like songs, games, and interactive media help create an immersive learning environment. By using real-life contexts and dynamic teaching strategies, educators can foster meaningful language development while maintainingstudent engagement. Keywords: teaching and learning of English, English teachers, young learners,elementaryschool,teaching materials,classroommanagement. Annotatsiya: Boshlang‘ich maktabda yosh o‘quvchilarga ingliz tilini o‘rgatish puxta tuzilgan yondashuvni talab qiladi. Bu yondashuv qiziqarli mashg‘ulotlar, samarali materiallar va kuchli sinf boshqaruvini o‘z ichiga olishi kerak. Bolalar tillarni tabiiy ravishda o‘zlashtirganliklari sababli, qo‘shiqlar, o‘yinlar va interaktiv media kabi usullar immersiv o‘rganish muhitini yaratishda muhim rol o‘ynaydi. Haqiqiy hayotiy kontekstlar va dinamik o‘qitish strategiyalaridan foydalangan holda, o‘qituvchilar o‘quvchilarning til ko‘nikmalarini rivojlantirishbilan birgaularning darsga bo‘lgan qiziqishiniham oshirishlari mumkin. Kalit so‘zlar: ingliz tilini o‘qitish va o‘rganish, ingliz tili o‘qituvchilari, yosh o‘quvchilar, boshlang‘ichmaktab,o‘qitishmateriallari,sinfniboshqarish. English has become an essential language in today’s world. It is not only valuable for communication but also plays a significant role in work and education. Learning English is necessary for interacting and building strong relationships with people from different countries. Even at an early age, children are introduced to English lessons to familiarize them with a foreign language that will benefit them in the future. Additionally, English is useful not just for communicating with people from other countries but also within the same country. For instance, in business meetings with representatives from different companies, English is often used for discussions and presentations. As an international language, English is crucial for daily communication, and many people strive to learn it by mastering essential vocabulary to interact withotherseffectively. Introducing a foreign language to young learners is more effective than teaching it to adults because children's brains can still utilize the natural mechanisms that help in first language acquisition. According to Cameron, research has long shown that children learn a second language more efficiently than adults. This supports the idea of early language instruction, as the "critical period hypothesis" suggests that young children can acquire a second language more effectivelybeforepubertyduetotheirbrain’sabilitytoapplyfirst-languagelearningstrategies. For young learners, developing spoken language skills is crucial. At an early age, children must learn to pronounce words correctly to communicate clearly. If they can accurately name objects, others will understand them more easily. Spoken language is not only about articulation but also about understanding word meanings. As Cameron notes, speaking activities require extensivesupport, both in comprehension and production, tobeeffective. Cameron further emphasizes that a variety of listening and speaking exercises, such as using pictures, can enhance language acquisition across different age groups. These activities should be tailored to students' interests and developmental stages. For example, students might listen to teacher instructions, respond verbally, or match images with spoken words, among other interactiveexercises. Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages 361 ILMIYVAPROFESSIONALTA’LIMJARAYONIDAMULOQOT,FANVAMADANIYATLAR INTEGRATSIYASI Pearson describes young learners as individuals ranging from approximately 3 to 15 years old, with distinct developmental characteristics. At this stage, children can grasp messages but may struggle to analyze language. They have limited reading and writing abilities, enjoy imaginative play, and learn best through engaging activities. Young learners are particularly drawn to naming objects, defining words, and exploring their environment. Primary-aged children develop strong oral skills, pronunciation, and intonation when exposed to quality language models. They also benefit from interactive activities such as role-playing, storytelling, anddramatic play, as highlighted byPearson. According to Marzano and Pickering, high-need students can be categorized into five groups: passive, aggressive, those with attention problems, perfectionists, and socially inept students. Passive students fall into two subcategories: those who fear relationships, often experiencing depression or social anxiety, and those who fear failure, believing they lack the necessary skillsto succeed academically. Aggressive students can be further divided into three types: hostile, oppositional, and covert. Hostile students may di