Analysis of proper names in the english language

Аннотация

This article examines the historical development and linguistic features of proper names (anthroponyms) in the English language. It explores the origins, evolution, and classification of English personal names, including influences from Old High German, Celtic, Scandinavian, Latin, and Hebrew sources. The study highlights the impact of historical events, literature, and cultural changes on English anthroponymy. The analysis also addresses translation and transcription issues when transferring proper names across languages. The research underscores the significance of anthroponyms as cultural and historical markers that reflect the linguisticand societal transformations of theEnglish-speaking world. Key Words: Proper names, anthroponyms, English personal names, historical development, name classification, linguistic influences, cultural identity, translation, transcription, literature. Proper names or anthroponyms are a large group of words, which include names of people, personal names, patronyms (middle names), surnames, family names, nicknames and pseudonyms, cryptonyms (hidden names). Anthroponyms of literary works, the names of heroes in folklore, in myths and fairy tales are also studied. English names have come a long way of historical development which depended on the history of the English people and their language. Anthroponyms are called one of the absolute language universals, and according to Anikin, this universality is based on the same evolutionary processes of nominal systems. Proper names can be called mirrors that reflect culture. Based on these conclusions, we can say that the anthroponym is not only a linguistic, but also a socio-historical realia that appears and functions undercertain conditions and is necessary forhumancommunity. The nomenclature of modern English names is a kind of mosaic composed of the names of ancient and new, originally English and borrowed, traditional and borrowed, differing from each other in structural and semantic features. According to A. F. Artemova and O. A. Leonovich, in modern English only 6% of ancient English names are preserved. Such diversity is not accidental: personal names are associated with thespiritual and material culture of thepeople. Therefore, while living and developing, personal names experience various kinds of influence and go through their historical process of development, which is connected with the history of the English people and the English language. When proper names are translated into other languages, they are, as a rule, are borrowed, transcribed, but, as an exception, can be translated. So, inthe works of J.A. Golikova [3,90] anthroponyms are classified sign-names and tag-names, which are always transcribed; names with their own semantic content – the names of this group are either traditionally transcribed or translated; names which can be referred to the irst or second group depending on the context, they can be either transcribed or translated, sometimes bymeans oftracing. The names of Old High German origin were borrowed at various stages of the development of English. The Old High German language is known as one of the Germanic languages ​ ​ of the subgroup and belongs to the VlII-XI centuries. The name Richard (translated into Russian by transliteration – Richard) came from the Old High German language during the Old English period of the 5th-11th centuries. Let us compare the Old High German nameRichort [richi“powerful state ¬ +hort”bold “].The remaining names of Old High German origin, such as Albert, Charles, Geoffrey, Karl, Louisa, Raymond, Roger, William, and others, came toEnglish through Latin and French. The question of the Celtic component in the composition of English anthroponymy is quite complex and can be viewed ambiguously. This is due to the problem of preservation and settlement of the British tribe after the Anglo-Saxons colonized Britain. However, many of the Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages 72 ILMIYVAPROFESSIONALTA’LIMJARAYONIDAMULOQOT,FANVAMADANIYATLAR INTEGRATSIYASI personal names of the Celts and the Anglo-Saxons of the Old English layer are difficult to distinguish from nicknames. In this group we can see simple one-component names (Daene, Wulf, Beald, Britta, Tristan, Froda, Hwita, Aelf, Arthur) and two-component or complex names like Ethelberg, Leofwin, Wigfrith, Frithuwulf, Carmichael: Sir Carmichael Clarke has been foundbashed in(“Carmichael”–transcribed according to translation traditions)[1,23]. The invasions of the Scandinavians to England, which began at the end of the 8th century and reoccurred over the next centuries to the 11th century, apparently did not have a significant impact on the naming system developed by the Anglo-Saxons at that time. Relatively quickly they merged with the Anglo-Saxons, having mastered their language, religion, public order [4, 105]. Latin names were borrowed directly from the Latin language during the Roman conquest of England (43 BC – 410) o