Types of prototypes of the english phraseological units and their reinterpreted meaning

Аннотация

The present article is devoted to investigation of 4 types of prototypes of the English phraseological units and their semantic meaning. Attention is paid to linguistic and extralinguistic factors of the formation of semantic meaning of phraseological units. Theoretical content ofthearticle is proved bynumerous examples. Key words: phraseological unit, semantic meaning, prototype, inner shape, plan of expression,linguisticfactor, extralinguisticfactors. Phraseology is a branch of linguistics which studies different types of set expressions, which name various objects and phenomena. They exist in the language as ready-made units. We can’t change theirstructure and replacetheir components. It is known that phraseology is considered as a science that studies themeaning, form and use of permanent combinations of verbal signs that exist in a given language and function in the speech of its speakers, as well as limitations in the compatibility of words and verbal meanings that create these combinations [3]. Moreover, "winged words", proverbs and sayings, fairy-tale formulas, historical aphorisms and other diverse creative works, only decomposing into elements, losing the structural features of the genre, becoming like structural phraseological units, become the property of the phraseology of the language itself. A.V. Kunin [2] believes: "A phraseological unit is a stable combination of words, with a fully or partially reinterpreted meaning." A PhU has a different set of categorical features than a word. These signs are as follows:a) lexical meaning; b) component composition and c) grammatical categories. There are some other terms: set-expressions, set-phrases, phrases, fixed word-groups, collocations. Famous Russian scholar in the aspect of phraseology A.V. Kunin created English- Russian phraseological dictionary which is still actual and useful [1]. He pointed that a phraseological unitis afixed expressionwith a transformed meaning. Sometimes the structure and components of phraseological unit can be similarwith the free word combination.The difference is –transformed meaning and fixedstructure. Comparefor example: Golden ring andgolden hands Wooden tableandwooden head. Sometimes components of phraseological units and word combinations can bethesame: Red coat / red coat.Phraseological unit “red coat” means an English soldier. For actualization of meaning we need a context. This red coat matches your red boots. Here we havefree word combination. English army had sent several hundreds of “red coats” to thewest ofthe country. Here we havephraseological unit. As white as snow / as white as snow. Phraseological unit “as white as snow” means an innocent person who is not guilty in something, decent and good-natured person. Compare the contexts: Ican’t believehe has donethis. He isas whiteas snow. (phraseological unit) Herwedding dress was as whiteas snow. (word combination) Free word-groups are so called not because of any absolute freedom in using them but simply because they are each time built up anew in the speech process whereas idioms are used as ready-made unitswith fixed and constant structures. Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages 21 ILMIYVAPROFESSIONALTA’LIMJARAYONIDAMULOQOT,FANVAMADANIYATLAR INTEGRATSIYASI Theessential features ofPUare: 1) stability ofthelexical components; 2) transferred meaning. A dark horse is actually not a horse but a person about whom no one knows anything definite. Abullin achinashop:theidiom describes aclumsy person. Awhiteelephant –it isa wasteof moneybecausesomething iscompletely useless. Thegreen-eyed monster is jealousy, theimage being drawn from Othello. To let thecat outofthebag:to let somesecret become known. The ambiguity of these interesting word-groups may lead to an amusing misunderstanding, especially for children who are apt to accept words at their face value. Let’s analyze thecontext: -LittleJohnnie (crying): Mummy, mummy, my auntieJane is dead. -Mother: Nonsense, child!She phoned me 5minutes ago. -LittleJohnnie: But I heardMrs. Brownsay that her neighbours cuther dead. To cut somebody dead means ‘to rudely ignore somebody; to pretend not to know or recognizehim’. Punsare frequently based ontheambiguousness ofidioms: - Isn’t our Kate a marvel! I wish you could have seen her at the Harrisons’ party yesterday. If I’dcollected thebricks shedropped all over the place, Icould builtavilla’. To drop a brick means ‘to say unintentionally a quite indiscreet or tactless thing that shocks and offended people’. There are four types of prototypes – speech, language, extra-linguistic and mixed, and internal forms – simple and complex. This classification is based on a single principle, since the material onthebasis of which thephraseology arose is taken into account. Speech and language prototypes correspond to a simple or complex internal form, while non–linguisticones correspond only to acomplex one. The phrases that go back to speech prototypes include phrases with a