PIGMENT-PRODUCING MICROORGANISMS: A SOURCE OF NATURAL DYES

Аннотация

The state discusses the fact that microorganisms are one of the most important and widespread representatives of their nature and that they are of great importance not only in the processes of decomposition, but also in the muscular, medical, ecological and food spheres. In recent years, special attention in science and practice has been attracted by pigment-producing microorganisms, antioxidant and antibacterial pigments have the potential forwide application in pharmaceuticals. Keywords:Pigment, industry, medicine, ecology, food industry, antioxidant and antibacterial drug, Rifampicin, Prodigiosin. ABSTRACT The article discusses the fact that microorganisms are one of the most important and widespread representatives of living nature and that they are of great importance not only in the processes of decomposition, but also in the industrial, medical, ecological and food spheres. In recent years, pigment-producing microorganisms have attracted special attention in science and practice, and antioxidant and antibacterial pigments have the potential for widespread usein pharmaceuticals. Keywords: Pigment, industry, medicine, ecology, food industry, antioxidant and antibacterial,Rifampicin, Prodigiosin. As you know, the decrees No. PF-20 of 01/23/2024 and No. PF-13 of 01/28/2025 "On additional measures for the accelerated development of the pharmaceutical industry in 2022- 2026"are currently in force. If we talk about pigments and their biological role, then in recent years, pigment- producing microorganisms have attracted special attention in science and practice. The natural pigments they synthesize are used in various industries as an alternative to synthetic dyes. Pigments are colored organic compounds that have the property of absorbing light. Pigments synthesized by microorganisms often perform protective or signaling functions in their environment. For example, it can protect against ultraviolet radiation, compete with othermicroorganisms, or perform warning (toxic) functions. Weknow that thereare many different types ofmicroorganisms that produce pigments. Many microorganisms have theabilityto produce pigments. The mostimportant ofthem are: 1. Bacteria: Serratia marcescens (pigment prodigiosin), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (pyocyanin, pyoverdin), Chromobacterium violaceum (violacein). page804 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue04,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai 2. Fungi (mycetes): Monascus purpureus produces red, yellow and orange pigments. These pigments are used inthefood industry. 3. Actinomycetes: Bacteria belonging to the genus Streptomyces produce a variety of color pigments, including thosewith antibiotic properties. 4. Algae and microalgae: for example, Spirulina platensis (phycocyanin pigment) has natural antioxidantproperties. Pigments are of particular importance in industry.Pigments produced by microorganisms are natural, biodegradable and non-toxic. Therefore, they are widely used in thefollowing areas: Food industry: as anatural dye (Monascus, Spirulinapigments). Pharmaceutics: pigments with antioxidant, antibacterial and antitumor properties. The use of natural and synthetic pigments in modern pharmaceuticals is becoming increasingly important not only from an aesthetic but also from a therapeutic point of view. In particular, pigments with antioxidant andantibacterial properties play an important roleinincreasing the effectiveness of drugs, reducing sideeffects and protecting thebody. Cosmetics: used in skin protection products and dyes.Environmental monitoring: some pigments are produced in response to toxic substances, which allows them to be used as biosensors.A general description of pigments is as follows.Pigments are biologically active substances that have their own coloring and bioactive properties. They are obtained from natural sources (plants, animals, ormicroorganisms) orbyartificial synthesis. 1.Antioxidantpigments Antioxidant pigments protect cells from oxidative stress. They neutralize free radicals, slow down the aging process, and are useful for the prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, andotherchronic diseases. Majorantioxidant pigments: Carotenoids (beta-carotene, lycopene) Flavonoids (anthocyanin, quercetin) Chlorophyll is themain green pigment of plants. 2.Antibacterial pigments page805 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue04,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai Antibacterial pigments act as natural antibiotics to fight bacteria. They help fight infections bykilling germs orstopping theirgrowth. Popularpigments: Rifampicin–obtained from thebacterium Streptomyces rifamycinica Prodigiosin –isolated from thebacterium Serratia marcescens In pharmaceuticals, thesepigments are used in thefollowing areas: Creams, ointment