ANALYSIS OF SOILS OF BUKHARA REGION, WAYS OF IMPROVEMENT

Аннотация

Maqolada Buxoro vohasida tarqalgan asosiy sug‘oriladigan tuproqlarning tasnifi jumladan, eskidan sug‘oriladigan botqoq-o‘tloqi, o‘tloqi taqir, taqirsimon, taqir, taqir-o‘tloqi, qumli-cho‘l, bo‘z-jigarrang, bo‘z-jigarrang o‘tloqituproq tiplari atroflicha bayon qilingan. Annotatsiya:V state podrobno opisana klassifikatsiya osnovnыx oroshaemыx pochv, rasprostranennыx v Buxarskom oazise, v tom chisle starooroshaemыe bolotno-lugovыe, besplodnыe, besplodnыe, besplodno-lugovыe, peschano-pustыnnыe, sero-burыe, sero-burыe lugovыe tipы pochv. Annotation:The article describes in detail the classification of the main irrigated soils distributed in the Bukhara oasis, including old irrigated swamp-meadow, barren meadow, barren, barren, barren-meadow, sandy-desert, gray-brown, gray-brown meadow soiltypes. Tayanch so‘zlar:o‘tloqi cho‘l va o‘tloqi taqir tuproqlar, o‘rta va engil qumoqli, agrofizika, sizotsuvlar, bo‘z jigarrang, gidromorf. Klyuchevыe slova:travyanistыe pustыnnыe i travyanistыe pustыnnыe pochvы, srednie i legkie peski, agrofizika, filtratsionnыevodы,sero-korichnevыe, gidromorfnыe. Key words:grassy desert and grassy barren soils, medium and light sand, agrophysics, seepage waters, gray-brown, hydromorphic. Bukhara region is located in the lower reaches of the Zarafshan River. The entire oasis consists of areas formed by wide and short river beds. In the wide part of the river, in the lower reaches of Bukhara, theKarakul oases are located. Irrigated meadow soils vary in salinity; from non-saline and weakly saline to strongly saline. All this is reflected in the specific land reclamation conditions, i.e. the presence of permeable and impermeable layers for the flow of runoff water and their depth, as well as the provisionof collector-drainage systems. page453 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue04,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai The upper part of the Bukhara oasis has better land reclamation conditions than the middle and especially the upper reaches of the Zarafshan River tributary. The same can be said about theKarakul oasis. Irrigated meadow soils, especially alluvial soils, differ in their mechanical composition across theentire width, as well as invertical section. The mechanical composition of the lands located near the irrigation sources is slightly lighter, and becomes heavier as they move away from them. The surface of the old irrigated meadow soils is covered with agroirrigation deposits, therefore their composition is the same. The thickness of the agroirrigation deposits is up to 1-3 m. According to their mechanical composition,they are usually medium andheavy loam. Compared to other soils of the steppe zone, the content of humus (1.1-1.4%) and nitrogen (0.08-0.12%) in the oldirrigated and newly irrigated meadow soils is somewhat higher. In soils formed on agroirrigation deposits, the slow and deep penetration of humus increases its reserves in the soil section. All of these are the products of many years of farming. In poorly cultivated and light mechanical soils, the organic matter content is low. Especially in meadow soils formed in the surface layers of ancient irrigated alluvial and diluvial-proluvial deposits, its content is low. Here, meadow soils were formed as a result of evolutionary changes in irrigated sandy, gray-brown or barren soils with very low natural productivity. Irrigated meadow soils contain a low content of phosphates (from 3 to 90 mg / kg) and are poorly and moderately supplied with potassium. The content of gypsum in soils is very low (0.12 -0.25 %), therefore, they cannot resist the development of salinization. Accordingly, in some cases, below the root nutrition layer, salinization processes are manifested, and sodium and magnesium ions are included in the absorption complex. Salinity reduces soil permeability, leading to soil erosion after irrigation andother unpleasant conditions. The carbonate content of the soils is uniform across the cross-section at 8.8-9.3%. In general, irrigated meadow soils constitute a valuable land fund of the Bukhara region with high productivity. Within the meadow soils distributed in the ancient and modern tributaries of the Zarafshan River and its coastal and first coastal terraces, small massifs of marsh-meadow soils are found, most of which are irrigated. These soils are formed in lowlands with a depth of seepage water of 0.5-1 m and under conditions of strong salinization. Therefore, these soils are pronenot only to waterlogging, but also to salinization. Formerly irrigated marsh-meadow soils were found on the first coastal terrace and were slightly saline, while the remaining irrigated marsh-meadow soils were moderately and strongly saline. These soils are heavy and medium loamy in terms of mechanical composition, but light loamy - sandy loams are also found around the ancient Zarafshan tributary. The humus cont