The structures of expressions giving causative meaning in the uzbek and english languages

Аннотация

This article deals with the typological category of causativization in the material of languages of different systems and different genealogical families. In the Uzbek language grammars and in some scientific works the verbs with the forms of causativization such as “o`qitmoq” – «make/let someone read», “yozdirmoq” – «make/let someone write» are considered to be one of the forms of the category of voice (causative voice). In the English language this linguistic phenomenon is 112 Scientific research results in pandemic conditions (COVID-19) expressed by the combination of the auxiliary verb make/let/get/cause to/ +object+infinitive: I make my student read, etc. These auxiliary verbs have lost their lexical meaning and acquired the grammatical meaning of causativization in the mentioned above patterns. In the Uzbek language the affixal morphemes - dir, - tir, - giz, etc are added to the root or the stem of the verb, at the result of which the verb acquires the meaning of causativization. Keywords: transitivity/intransitivity, causativization/non- causativization, inflected, relative affixes, derivative affixes, root morphemes, affixal morphemes, syntagmatic and paradigmatic opposition, factitive causation, permissive causation. 1.Introduction The aim of the article is the contrastive typological study of the linguistic phenomenon causativization in the languages of different genealogical families (Uzbek, English that is Turkic and Germanic languages). For the strict and consecutive analysis of these two languages it is desirable to work out concrete ways of description. Linguistic theory of the Moscow linguistic school concerning the form of the word founded by F.F. Fortunatov and developed by his followers M.N. Peterson, A.A. Reformatskiy, M.V. Panov and others is placed on the basis of the method for the description of languages which are both typologically and genealogically different. This method is used for the contrastive typological analysis of the structures of the Uzbek and English languages in the field of the definition of the ways of expressing the meaning of causation. Further development of this method demands the study of 1) synthetic and analytical forms; 2) the role of fusion and agglutination; 3) working out the ways of binary opposition which will serve as the standard for the definition of the means of expressing causation in the compared in this article languages. This method will be the main criteria for the analysis of the word structure in the languages of different types. V.N. Yartseva says that the structure of the word as the language unit is the measure of language structure and the structural analysis of the word proceeds from the definition of different morphemes [2, p. 111]. F.F. Fortunatov says that complex of speech sounds 1) книга “the book” is a word and complex of speech sounds 2) неправда “lie” is also a word, though the second one according to the composition, is not simple as being divided into separate words не “not” and правда “truth”, loses its first lexical meaning “lie” [2, p.186]. 2. Material and Methods Considering integral character of the word F.F. Fortunatov says that the issue of the word is the issue of the system of the language [2, p. 186]. The 113 Scientific research results in pandemic conditions (COVID-19) notion system is defined as the sum of units where every unit receives its qualitative description depended on all other units. Always where there is a system, there should be at least two units and if one of these two units is omitted the system cannot exist, that is where there is no choice of units, there is no system [4, p.8]. Systemic analysis of language structure belongs to the famous scientists B. de Kurtene, F. de Saussure , F.F. Fortunatov [3, 27]. Systemic analysis of language structure is also observed in the study of Turkic languages. The linguist Kh.G. Nigmatov used systemic method in the process of analysis of the Uzbek language [5, p. 28]. The follower of the Moscow linguistic school M.N. Peterson says that for the definition of the word structure it is reasonable to define whether it enters the binary opposition: the opposition between paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations [6, p.30]. The terms paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations were introduced in linguistics by Louis Hjelmslev. Method of defining the structure of the word used by M.N. Peterson is taken as a basis for the definition of the word structure of the Uzbek and English languages in this article. 3.The Methods and Approaches The definition of the ways of expressing causal meaning in the Uzbek verbs is based on the binary opposition where non causative form of the verb is opposed to the causative form of the verb. Causative form is formulated by adding one of causative affixal morphemes - tir, - dir, - ir, -qiz, - giz, - g`iz, - qaz, - gaz, - kaz, -sat, -ar, - ir to the root or the stem of the verb. Being added to the root or the stem of the verb these affixal morphemes do