REGIONAL AND ETHNIC CHARACTERISTICS IN THE TRADITIONAL DWELLINGS OF THE POPULATION OF THE NORTHERN SURKHAN OASIS

Аннотация

Seasonal and temporary settlements are also built in the mountainous regions of the Northern Surkhan oasis. Most of the people of the oasis went to the pasture on the mountain to grazetheircattle and lived in black houses, which were seasonal houses. Key word:Northern Surkhan oasis, Mountainous area, Shorchi district, Abadon, Tola village, Altinsoydistrict, Ipoq, Kumpaykal, Qarluq, Chep village. The formation, development, and advancement of material culture are of great importance in studying the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people. It is known from historical and ethnographic literature that, based on the sources of material culture, we can learn about the lifestyle of our ancestors of the past, their place in economic and cultural development, and their worthy contribution to the history of world civilization. The construction of houses on the territory of Uzbekistan has an ancient history, and ancient settlements in the Northern Surkhan oasis were built taking into account natural conditions. Also, the benefits of using each constructed building were fully taken into account in the construction of it. The Eastern thinker Abu Nasir Farobiy noted that housing construction is divided into many geometric styles, among which there is "the art of creating a history of the architectural monument being built." Abu Ali ibn Sino also emphasizes the need to consider the location of the house to be built, its relationship to the wind direction, the composition of the water flowing past the house to be built, and the presence of sources in the vicinity that could negatively affect living conditions. In Central Asia, the architecture of each city and residence developed based on the influence of the natural conditions of the place, weather, and the economic and social life of thepeople. In the construction layout, design, and architectural compositions of the traditional dwellings of the inhabitants of the Northern Surkhan oasis, we can observe traces of the construction traditions of cultural and household structures built in the late Middle Ages. page251 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue04,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai According to D. Nozilov, a unique Tokharistan (Bactrian) architectural school was formed here in the Middle Ages [1.b.144]. In particular, we can cite the Sayid Otaliq madrasah, built in two floors in the 16th century in the center of Denov in the Northern Surkhan oasis, and the mosque built in 1713 by the saint and poet Sufi Olloyor in the village of Katta Vakhshivor. The mosque consists of a khanaqoh, an aivan on both sides, and adjoining rooms. The roof of the khanaqoh and aivan is covered with beams and is made of fine pakhsa. The northeastern side is luxurious, with mehrab-like arcades. The mihrab porch in the khanaqoh is quite deep, and the four porches on both sides are decorated with relief lines. Such decorations are also found on the wall of the southwestern porch. The seventh pillar in the porch and the sixth pillar in the khanaqoh are decorated with carved and colored patterns. We can see that the construction styles in such structures were reflected in the construction of houses in the beklik centers such as Denov, Yurchi, and in villages with a settled population such as Vakhshivor, Sina, and Sangardak. The roof of the permanent residence of the population consisted of pakhsa, raw brick, guvala, i.e. "borikalla", shapati, and in mountainous areas, sinch devar, stone wall. Initially, one-room, two- room houses began to appear at the beginning of the 20th century, "khorjin tom", "bomi tom", "obdovli tom"and houses with abalcony. In mountainous regions, permanent settlements were mainly built along streams and rivers, and the natural and geographical features of the area were taken into account when building houses. In particular, attention was paid to issues such as the degree of sunlight falling on the area where the houses were built, protection from cold winds passing through the gorge, rapid flow of rain and mud into the stream, building houses closer to water and agricultural areas, and protection from natural disasters.[2.b.68] In the oasis, local building materials were mainly used in house construction. Since the upper part of the mountainous regions was covered with forests, the sinch wall was widely used in this area instead of the pakhsa wall. The sinch wall was distinguished by its great convenience and strength. It was convenient to install a shelf and a takhmon on the sinch wall. The inhabitants of the mountainous regions built stone walls or double sinch walls on the windward and floodward sides. Also, the rooms of houses with sinch walls were spacious and high. The sinch wall consisted of parts such as tagshinch, kallak, ustun, zabarrav, ustungosha, kalama, hovanda, pushtak, and bachki. In addition to the sinch wall, in the m