RESEARCH OF IRRIGATED SOILS AND THEIR PROPERTIES OF THE BUKHARA OASIS (on the example of OLOT district)

Аннотация

The main part (about 50%) of the 4304.32 thousand hectares of irrigated land of our republic is saline soils to varying degrees, which reduces the overall productivity of agricultural crops in irrigated areas. This article provides detailed information on the irrigated soils of the Olotdistrict andtheir properties. In addition,measures toimprove soilfertility are presented. Ключевые слова: Олотский район, орошаемые почвы, механический состав почв, дельта реки Зарафшан, мелиорация земель, плодородие почв, нормы орошения, засоление, материнская порода, пролювиальные,аллювиальные,лессовидные пески,грунтовые воды, минерализация. Key words: Olot district, irrigated soils, mechanical composition ofsoils, Zarafshan River Delta, land reclamation, soil fertility, irrigation standards, salinity, parent rock, proluvial, alluvial, loess-likesands, groundwater, mineralization. ntroduction. Bukhara region is located in the lower reaches of the Zarafshan River. The entire oasis consists of areas formed bywide and short river beds. In the wide part of the river, in thelowerpart ofBukhara, theKara Kul oases are located.[3.4.] The Bukhara oasis enters the Tertiary deposits of the Avtobacha and Kyzyltepa plateaus of the Navoi-Konimiyek Khazar thrust. According to the natural zoning of agriculture, Bukhara region belongs to the subtropical desert zone of the southern Kyzyl-Kum and northern Kyzyl- Kum districtsofthe Central Asian steppe province.[11.12] The reason for the deterioration of the ecological and reclamation situation in the irrigated dekhkan region is the result of the extensive use of existing water and land resources. In all page218 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue04,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai projects for the development of new lands, it was planned to discharge the waters of the collector-drainage networks into thelowlands and riverbeds. As a result of the large-scale implementation of projects that are not theoretically and practically justified, the quality of river waters is sharply deteriorating, artificial lakes and swamps are formed around the developed areas, the natural balance is disturbed, and the ecological situationisdeteriorating. The most negative aspect of salinization is that it destroys the soil structure, worsens the water-physical, physico-chemical properties, affects the microbiological activity and other properties of soils,causing soil degradation. This requires inspection of the areas, a thorough study of the degree of salinity of the soil coverand soil subsoil, types ofsalinity. Research object and method. In scientific research conducted to study the main properties and ecological and melioration state of irrigated soils of the Olot district of the Bukhara vozh, new data were obtained on the mechanical composition of irrigated soils, agrochemical properties, mainparameters ofgroundwater, types and levels ofsalinity. In the Olot district, various geomorphological, lithological, hydrogeological and climatic conditions have influenced the soil formation processes in the region in different directions. As a result of natural geographical conditions and the influence of anthropogenic factors, irrigated meadow and barren soils have been formed in the district. In the area of ​ ​ the district where the research was conducted, there are irrigated meadow and barren and partially meadow swamp soils. The irrigated lands of the Olot district, including F. Aloev, O. Ubaydov, developed in the V-VI centuries BC on Quaternary alluvial deposits located at a depth of 14-20 m. Nowadays, the upper part of these alluvial deposits is covered with modern, cultural anthropogenic agroirrigation layers. The level and degree of mineralization of groundwater are distributed in these local and alluvial rocks, which periodically lead to the formation of various salinization processes under theinfluence ofvarious micro- and mesoreliefs.[2.] Soil samples taken from the Olot district were chemically analyzed in laboratory conditions, the amount of salts was determined, and the type and degree of salinity in them were determined according to theI and II methods ofwater absorption (Lebedev). As a result of field research and laboratory analysis, it was found that the quantitative indicators of salts, the degree of salinity and types of salinity differ in different areas of the district. Mapping materials based on water absorption analyses and data from other modern rapid methods for determining the degree of soil salinity (electroconductometric method) serve as the primary sources for recording, accounting and compilingcartograms of salinesoils. In order to ensure the implementation of the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated February 24, 2014 No. 39 “On additional measures to ensure the unconditional implementation of the State Program for Improvin