Effective pedagogical methods of teaching speaking

Аннотация

Speaking is one of vital skills that need to be assimilated by students of English as foreign language (EFL) because sometimes achievement is restrained in terms of the ability to carry out a conversation in the (target) language. Teaching students to speak English might become a problem for some EFL teachers. This is not an easy task for teachers to make their students speak because the language is not spoken in the community and also they have less experience to the language itself. Teachers should have students exposed to the language, understand its meaning, understand its form (how it is constructed) and practice it. Consequently, in order to inspire their students to speak, teachers must do something different than they usually do in teaching other skills. Teachers can create more pleAndijan State University named after Z.M.Boburrable speaking class by doing some activities such as role-play, discussion or some kinds of games to promote students speaking ability. Keywords: EFL, teaching speaking, speaking activities, problems, solutions Speaking is one of the most imperative and essential skills that must be trained to communicate orally. By speaking, people are able to know what kinds of situations the world. People who have ability in speaking will be better in sending and receiving information or message to another. Speaking is the process of building and sharing meaning through the uses of verbal and non-verbal symbol in numerous circumstances. Then, it can say that speaking as a skill is playing important role for the learners who studied English especially as a foreign language. Speaking is "the process of building and sharing meaning through the use of verbal and non-verbal symbols, in a variety of contexts" (Chaney, 1998, p. 13). Speaking is a crucial part of second language learning and teaching. Despite its importance, for many years, teaching speaking has been undervalued and English language teachers have continued to teach speaking just as a repetition of drills or memorization of dialogues. However, today's world requires that the goal of teaching speaking should improve students' communicative skills, because, only in that way, students can express themselves and learn how to follow the social and cultural rules appropriate in each communicative circumstance. Speaking skill is one of the language skills that are very essential to support further oral communication especially in English, but it is the most difficult skill to improve. Teaching speaking is not like listening, reading, and 12 Scientific research results in pandemic conditions (COVID-19) writing. It desires habit formation because it is a real communication and speaking is a productive skill so it needs practicing as often as possible. Traditional classroom speaking training often takes the form of drills in which one person asks a question and another gives an answer. The question and the answer are structured and expectable, and often there is only one correct, prearranged answer. The purpose of asking and answering the question is to demonstrate the ability to ask and answer the question. In contrast, the purpose of real communication is to accomplish a task, such as conveying a telephone message, obtaining information, or expressing an opinion. In real communication, participants must manage uncertainty about what the other person will say. Authentic communication involves an information gap; each participant has information that the other does not have. In addition, to achieve their purpose, participants may have to explain their meaning or ask for confirmation of their own understanding. Foreign language learners learning to acquire the oral proficiency in the target language may have some problems, both internal and external. Internally, they may experience the feeling of nervousness. They may feel disinclined to use the target language as they may be afraid of making mistakes. Speaking is an interactive process of creating meaning that involves producing, receiving and processing information. Its form and meaning are depending on the context in which it occurs, including the participants themselves, their experiences, the physical environment, and the purposes for speaking. It is often impulsive, flexible, and evolving. However, speech is not always unpredictable. Speaking requires that learners not only know how to produce specific points of language such as grammar, pronunciation, or vocabulary ("linguistic competence"), but also that they understand when, why, and in what ways to produce language ("sociolinguistic competence") (Nunan,1999:216) Spoken language is a primary phenomenon. We speak a great deal more than we write, that is why language should be taught initially through speech. Spoken language is essential to any language learning. Learning to speak a foreign language is a learning that requires knowledge of the language and its application. In understanding the speaking skill, the teacher must train and