THE PLACE OF ANCIENT SUGID IN THE REGIONAL TRANSIT ROUTES AND MIGRATION SYSTEM

Аннотация

A human society has emerged, the process of its development has never been without communication. There have always been connections between people, clan communities, tribes, peoples, nations, and finally countries that united them territorially, economically, and politically, and because of these connections, roads appeared. When we look at our ancient history, we know that certain specialized ways have appeared since the Bronze Age of human society, and in some places much earlier. Their emergence was caused by economic, ethnic, political and cultural needs arising from tribes, peoples and interstate relations. The famous “Great Silk Road” caravan route can be called a centuries-old symbol of relations between the East and the West. We can see that the intercontinental road stretches for 10,000 kilometers and has become agarden connecting Eastern countries with theMediterranean Sea. Keywords: Sughd Oasis, Takharistan, Turkic Khanate, Otror, ​ ​ Choch, Ustrushona, Sughd, Yettisuv, Great Silk Road, Kashkadarya Oasis, South Sughd, Otror, ​ ​ Choch, Ustrushona, Craftsman population. Introduction. The southern regions of Central Asia, namely judging from the geographical location of the Sogd and Hutan (East Turkestan) provinces, were at the crossroads of trade settlements on the Great Silk Road, many of which are known to have been located along the “southern network”, an ancient and important direction of this trade route in antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Alternatively, since several cities in Sughd Province, especially Southern Sughd, are inextricably linked to this network, we can see that the position of Sughd merchants occupied a significant place in thecommercial trade activitiesof theSilkRoad. Research Methodology. The study effectively used such methods as chronological sequence, comparative analysis, historicism, principles of determinism, systematic approach, principles ofobjectivity. Results and Discussion. It is known that the Sogd oasis was located between both branches of this trade route - Northern and Southern - while the other neighboring Tokharistan was rather one of the main destinations of the second route. Trade caravans from North Africa, West Asia and Europe, departing from the shores of the Mediterranean and arriving in Khorasan via Syria, Iraq, Sassanid Iran, traveled in two directions - along the upper basins of the Amu Darya, from Badakhshan to East Turkestan (Hutan) or India, and from there to China and Tibet, heading north through India and the Persian Gulf. The caravan of traders setting out on their journey traveled through Tokharistan to Sogd, from where they headed north, northwest and northeast - across the steppes of Eurasia: Eastern Europe, north of the Black Sea, North Caucasus, Volga- Ural, Semirechye, East Turkestan (Koshgar, Turfan) to the countries of Altai, South Siberia, Chinaand theFarEast [1:11-32]. The peculiarities and directions of diverse economic and cultural relations in the territory are comparable to the fact that they were significantly influenced bythe political situation and socio- political changes that developed during this period. In late antiquity, especially during the reign of the Ephthalite state, the political and economic position of Southern Sogd further increased when the city of Nakhshab was one of the political http://www.internationaljournal.co.in/index.php/jasass 62 Volume15Issue04, April2025 Impact factor: 2019: 4.679 2020: 5.015 2021: 5.436, 2022: 5.242, 2023: 6.995, 2024 7.75 centers of this state [3:313], and the city of Kesh became the political center of the whole of Sogd for a certain period of time [4:316], during which the areas adjacent to Sogd with Tokharistan were themain factors inincreasing its position. While these two branches of this historical pathway were in contact with each other throughout antiquity and provided cultural cooperation between different peoples, the position of the Southern network remained high throughout antiquity, by the period of the Turkic Kaganate there is an acceleration of the development of the Northern network. In particular, dozens of large settlements and cities were founded in the lower Syr Darya and itsmiddlebasins, economic progress was observed in Otrar, Chacha, Ustrushan, Sogd and Semirechye, which isexplained by the fact that the Kaganate's control centers were located mainly in Suyab (Semirechye) and Chachaoasis, as well as in Sogd [5:3-13]. At the same time, the presence of a significant part of both branches in the territories within the Turkic Kaganate served to ensure the security of trade and economic centers located along these branches. Also, occupying a special place in the socio-political and economic-cultural life of the Kaganate, having long been engaged in crafts and economic issues, the powerful Sogdian population made a worthy contribution to the development of trade and in this period actively participated in international trade, engaged in trade along the banks of