COMMON SPINA BIFIDA DEFECT APPEARANCE AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Аннотация

This article discusses spina bifida, one of the neural tube defects. Special attention is paid to the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations of the disease, diagnostic methods and modern treatment and prevention measures. Rehabilitation approaches aimed at improving thequalityof lifeofchildren born with spinabifidaare also highlighted. Keywords: Spina bifida, neural tube defect, congenital anomaly, neurosonography, prenatal diagnosis, surgical treatment, rehabilitation, folicacid prevention. Introduction:The aim of the study is to help children diagnosed with spina bifida make the decision that their guardians, parents and relatives will be fully aware of this disease.In addition, the diagnosis of spina bifida includes medical care, treatment, and practical advice for children with infected children. O Spina bifida: Spina bifida, also known as neural tube defect, is a birth defect that occurs when the spine and spinal cord are not formed properly. In the embryonic period,it is considered a defect inthedevelopment of theneural tube. In normal cases,the neural tube forms in the early stages of pregnancy and closes on the 28th day after conception. In infants with spina bifida, part of the neural tube does not close or develop properly, leading to defects in the spine and spinal bones. Spina bifida can be mild or severe, depending on the type of defect, location, size, and complications. If necessary, early treatment of spina bifida includes surgery, but the problem is not always solved by such treatment. The defect can occur along the entire length of the spine and manifest itself by the fact that part of the spinal cord and surrounding tissues protrude outward rather than inward. Spina bifida (SB) is the incomplete closure of the posterior parts of the vertebrae due to developmental disorders and the clinical picture that arises in connection with this condition. This is the second by the most common cause of childhood disability after cerebral palsy. In the classical classification, SB is divided into two types: closed (spina bifida occulta, SBO) and open (spina bifida aperta, SBA). With SBO, some anomalies are observed, such as spinal defects, tufts of hair on theskin, and nevi, but the sac is not observed. In contrast, in SBA, there is a sac that includes only the meninges or nerve tissues with meninges; these are called meningocele and myelomeningocele, respectively. Etiopathogenesis The neural plate, which develops between the 2nd and 6th weeks of the embryonic period, closes on both sides and forms a neural tube. While the brain develops from the cranial part of the neural tube, the spinal cord develops from the caudal part. Problems that occur when closing the neural tube, Statistics: Spina bifida occurs between 1 and 2,875 births in the United States each year. The caudal part of the neural tube at this stage causes SB and other spinal cord disorders.The frequency of SAT varies from 0.2 to 10 per 1,000 people in different regions of the world.; However, in the United States, it drops to 0.2 per 1,000 people. In a study conducted in Turkey between 2003 and 2004, 17 cases of SBO and SBA were identified out of 8,631 live births. Based on these data, it can be assumed that the incidence is 1.97 per 1,000 people. Genetic factors play an important role in the etiology of SB. The incidence of SB is often 50 times higher than in the general population if the patient has siblings with SB. Genetic page94 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue04,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai predisposition has also been identified in studies of twins and families. Since it is believed that the genes involved in folic acid metabolism are responsible for this, research is focused on these genes.However, environmental factors are also important for the development of the SB. These include taking medications such as carbamazepine, which affect folic acid metabolism during pregnancy, poorly controlled diabetes, and inflammatory diseases suffered in the first trimester of pregnancy. Many studies have shown that taking folic acid before and during pregnancy reduces the frequency of About 85 percent of the defects are in the lower back, and 15 percent are in the neck and chest. The integrity of the spine can be surgically restored, but nerve damage cannot be repaired, and if they are obvious, patients may have paresis of the lower extremities of varying severity. The higher the spinal cord malformation, the more serious the nerve damage and motor disorders (paresis and paralysis). According to research, this developmental anomaly occurs inabout 7cases per 10,000newborns [1]. TYPES AND SYMPTOMS OF SPINA BIFIDA: * Latent spina bifida occulta is the most moderate form without obvious signs of malformations and skin changes.With this form, at least one vertebra changes, but there may also be no changes i