From the history of national education in Ferghana region (1876-1917)

Аннотация

The article analyzes the history of national schools and madrassahs in Ferghana region with the help of scientific literature. Keywords: national education, school, madrasah, national culture, literacy, Fergana region. After gaining its independence, Uzbekistan began to restore the past history, ancient culture and spiritual values of our people. This process has even risen to the level of public policy. It is known that for more than a century the Uzbek people have gone through difficult and contradictory periods of the Russian Empire and the Soviet era. But even in such a terrible time, our people did not lose their identity. He preserved his language, religion and faith. The First President of the Republic of Uzbekistan I. Karimov focusing on the enlightenment and spirituality of the Uzbek people, which has been gradually recovering over the years of independence, emphasizes the following: “Enlightenment is the basis of the development of society, the only force that can save it from inevitable destruction” [1; 18]. 102 Scientific research results in pandemic conditions (COVID-19) Schools and madrassahs have played an important role in the history of Turkestan culture for centuries. Especially after the formation of the Fergana region in 1876, their number increased. The property of the present-day Ferghana Valley was separated from the Bukhara Khanate in the first half of the 18th century. An independent Kokand khanate was formed in this region. Later, on February 19, 1876, the Kokand Khanate was occupied by the Russian Empire. And in the official decree of the then Minister of Defense of Russia D.Milyutin, issued on February 19, 1876, “the newly occupied lands of the Kokand khanate until 1875 were annexed to the empire by the Russian troops to be included” [2; 5]. The khanate was replaced by the Fergana region with its center in New Margilan. During the khanate period, our national education, spirituality and culture, which had been growing for centuries, went back a little. There are a number of reasons for this: the dispute over the throne between the khans of that period; It is possible to increase wealth and show religious harmony. However, in the khanates, especially in the Kokand khanate, national education, science, literature and art developed. The activity of the khanate as a centralized state allowed to create a unique literary environment. In the XIX century "Kokand literary environment" developed, and during this period the founder of this environment Muhammad Said Amir Umarkhan and artists such as Nodira, Uvaysi, Fazli, Ado, Khoziq, Mahmur, Ghazi, Fayzi, Vahmi, Gulhani, Mushrif became famous. The Russian Empire sought to eradicate the cultural and historical roots of our people and poison them with the poison of colonialism. At this point, the evil general of the Russian Empire, Skobelev, told his emperor, “The local people are more civilized than we thought. We cannot subdue them… We can take under our wing only by destroying all the relics of the past of this people, mosques and madrasas, religious books, and extinguishing their spirituality”[3; 359]. Although it dealt a great blow to the national culture and national education, it did not succeed in losing it. This is due to the fact that in the past we were a Turkic people with a high level of culture. The role of national education in the spiritual upbringing of the people is very important. Before the Kokand khanate, in particular, the Fergana region became part of the Russian Empire, there was an old school, madrasah, qorihana, dalailkhana, otinoyi schools. After the Fergana region became part of the Russian Empire, these schools continued to operate. In 1876, 53% of the population of Fergana region was literate. Before the October Revolution of 1917 in the Fergana region there were national Muslim religious schools with the following names. That is, the school (room) - the old school, madrasa, qorihana, dalailkhana, otinoyi schools, new method (jadid) schools formed the national education system. Adolescents graduated from the secondary religious school. In Qorihan, only the Qur'an is taught to recite from memory. 103 Scientific research results in pandemic conditions (COVID-19) It took 3-4 years to memorize 30 Qur'anic verses. A person who teaches in a sanctuary is called a qori teacher, and those who graduate from a qori are called qori. The number of sanctuaries was very large and was maintained at the expense of the foundation's income. There were a lot of sanctuaries, especially in Kokand. The madrasa is a place of higher religious education, where graduates are admitted, students are called students (mullahs), and teachers are called mudarris. The madrassa was closed on Wednesdays, Thursdays and Fridays. These days, students read independently. After the Russian conquest of Central Asia, the number of madrassas initially decreased slightly, and then increased from year to year, especially in the Fergana region. According to B