FROM THE HISTORY OF MIGRATION PROCESSES DURING THE REIGN OF AMIR TEMUR

Аннотация

This article provides some information about the resettlement of some peoples and individuals from one region to another during the reign of Amir Temur. It also presents ideas and considerations about the nature of these resettlement and the goals pursued. Keywords: Amir Temur, migration, relocation, Indian, forced migration, voluntary migration, cultural migration, military campaigns, repatriation. ИЗ ИСТОРИИ МИГРАЦИОННЫХ ПРОЦЕССОВ ВО ВРЕМЯ ПРАВЛЕНИЯ АМИРА ТЕМУРА Аннотация. В статье приводятся некоторые сведения о переселении некоторых народов и отдельных лиц из одного региона в другой во время правления Амира Темура. В ней также излагаются идеи и соображения о характере этих переселений и преследуемых целях. Ключевые слова: Амир Темур, миграция, переселение, индиец, вынужденная миграция, добровольная миграция, культурная миграция, военные походы, репатриация. Population migration is a continuous process that has been occurring in human history since ancient times. In particular, in the Middle Ages, there were many cases of people moving from one place to another. Even during the reign of Amir Temur, individual and collective population relocation operations between the territories under his control, carried out directly by Temur or by princes and his servants, are noticeable. The general nature of these processes is so complex that a clear classification does not always correspond to today's standards. For example, today's mass labor and educational migrations occurred only in isolated cases in the Middle Ages. During the reign of Amir Temur (from the middle of the 14th century), large-scale migration took place in Transoxiana. These actions were mainly aimed at making changes in the military, economic, cultural, social and political life of the Timurid state. 2 08 International scientific journal ISSN: 2181-3906 «MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH» 2025 VOLUME 4 / ISSUE 4 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ Through this policy, Timurid managed to strengthen the army and establish a centralized state, elevate his state economically and culturally, and finally create the foundation of the Renaissance of his time, change the social life of the tribes by moving them, develop trade, and of course, end political instability in a certain region and stabilize it in certain countries. According to the reasons for these migrations, they had a forced and voluntary nature. While forced relocation was based on military, economic, cultural and political factors, voluntary migrations were mainly dependent on social factors. One of the main factors of the forced migration of the Timurid state was military campaigns. One of the most important features of the Timurid empire was the forced migration of peoples after his military campaigns. For example, in 1402, after the defeat of Yildirim Bayazid, Timurid's troops advanced even further, conquering the city of Izmir. During these campaigns, he captured the Nasibin fortress and ordered the governor of the fortress to "Move with your home and people!" [1;239] The Zafarnoma reports that Amir Timurid captured Baghdad in 1401 and, after plundering the city, moved a significant part of the population to Samarkand. He did the same after his campaigns in Persia, Damascus, and Syria, where those who survived his military campaigns were sent to important centers of the Timurid empire, in particular, Samarkand and Herat. For example, he sent famous physicians Mevlana Jamoliddin and Mevlana Sulayman from Damascus, and Mevlana Fazlullah Tabrizi (Temur's personal physician) from Tabriz to Samarkand with their troops. The need to relocate the population from the conquered lands was not only to use them as a labor force in the huge construction works taking place in Samarkand, but also to weaken the resistance in the region. In addition, Amir Temur may have used the prisoners as a "human wall". Because it is possible that the Indian troops had war elephants and wanted to use these prisoners against them. In addition, it is clear that providing so many prisoners with food and keeping them under control would have been difficult. In this case, Temur would not have transported such a large number of prisoners without a clear purpose. In 1398, during the campaign to India, Timur's beks took Indians captive from the forts along the way. When they reached the Luni fortress, the beks complained to Amir Timur: "Up to this point, Indians from every province have gathered in our army, more than a hundred thousand of them, and they are all enemies with us, and they are unreliable. Perhaps on the day of war, they will flee. 2 09 International scientific journal ISSN: 2181-3906 «MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH» 2025 VOLUME 4 / ISSUE 4 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ And on that day, Mallukhan escaped from the city and fought near Jahangushoy, and the Indians had great joy that day." [1:205, 206] Hearing this news, Timur ordered the execution of these captives. Due to political instability, unrest, and decline in the neigh