WAYS OF ENRICHING THE FRENCH LEXICON. LEXICAL UNIONS AND ETYMOLOGICAL DOUBLETS

Аннотация

Французский язык может похвастаться одним из самых богатых лексиконов в мире, его словарный запас постоянно развивается за счет заимствований из разных языков и глубоких этимологических связей с соседними языками. В этой статье анализируются основные источники лексического обогащения французского языка, уделяя особое внимание лексическим заимствованиям («emprunts lexicaux») и этимологическим дублетам («doublets étymologiques»). В статье подчеркивается, что лексическое богатство французского языка является результатом исторических, культурных и языковых обменов. Ключевые слова:французский язык, лексическая эволюция, заимствования, этимологическиедублеты,языковойконтакт,языковоебогатство. Annotatsiya:Fransuz tili dunyodagi eng boy leksikalardan biri bo'lib, uning so'z boyligi turli tillardan olingan so'zlar va qo'shni tillar bilan chuqur etimologik aloqalar tufayli doimiy ravishda rivojlanib boradi. Ushbu maqola fransuz tilidagi leksik boyitishning asosiy manbalarini tahlil qiladi, asosiy e'tibor leksik o’zlashtirma so’zlar ("emprunts lexicaux") va etimologik dubetllarga ("doublets étymologiques") qaratiladi. Maqolada fransuz tilining lug‘aviy boyligi tarixiy, madaniy valingvistik almashinuvlar natijasiekanligi ta’kidlanadi. Kalit so‘zlar:fransuz tili, lug‘aviy evolyutsiya, o‘zga so‘zlar, etimologik dubletlar, til aloqasi, lingvistikboylik. Introduction: The French language is considered one of the richest and most refined languages in the world. Its lexical richness has been shaped by historical processes, cultural exchange, technological development, and globalization. The vocabulary of the French language has expanded through various means, and this process continues to thisday. In linguistics, especially from an etymological perspective, words that differ and are borrowed into a language are called “lexical borrowings ” (or more commonly, “loanwords”) in page1678 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue03,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai lexicology and comparative linguistics. Tis is a precise process wherein a new word enters the language's lexical sphere from another language. Loanwords can be “direct” (meaning a word from another language is adopted without any changes, entering directly) or “indirect” (meaning a word enters through one or more intermediary languages). Loanwords can be classified into the following types based on the expansion of their meanings: neologisms, catachresis, and derivation. In later sections, the term lexicalization is also introduced. Whenwords are borrowed from other languages, theytypically belong to the lexical layer of the vocabulary—specifically, words from the active reserve layer, such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives. Words from the closed layer (e.g., pronouns, conjunctions)are rarely borrowed. The influence of the source language plays a significant role in borrowing. For example, the Gaulish Latin language assimilated several words from Germanic languages after multiple invasions. However, borrowed words often retain much of their original form. For instance, the Latin word "quidom" (a noun)was borrowed intoFrench as "quelqu’un" (apronoun). Calquing (Loan Translation).The process of calquing is also noteworthy. For example: The English "superman" and French "surhomme" were calqued into German as "Übermensch". In both cases, the components were translated literally (“sur”→“über”,“home” →“Mensch”). Lexical Assimilation . A borrowed word can be explained through several approaches, none of which are mutually exclusive. The material aspect of a word (its phonetic form) may fade in the borrowing language. When new plants or animals are discovered, their names are often directly adopted. Examples: -Theword "avocat" inFrench comes from Nahuatl "auacatl", meaning: 1)“lawyer”(legal defender); 2)“avocado”(thefruit). Thetwo meanings merged due tocultural exchange between Spain and France. -"Puma" originates from Quechua (a monosyllabic root). - "Café" derives from Arabic "qahwa", which passed through Turkish ("kahve") before entering French viaItalian ("caffè¹ "). Language Interference and Rapid Borrowing .Borrowing occurs quickly in cases of language interference. For example: "Wassingue" (a floor cloth) in northern France comes from West Flemish "wassching ". Northern French regions adopted many words (e.g., *"guerre," "heaume," "framboise"*) due to contact with speakers of other languages.The Role of Dominant Languages Borrowing is not always significant (e.g., "serpillière" vs. "wassingue"). When cultures interact, they exchange not only ideas but also words. Borrowed words are often repurposed and used more frequently than native terms. Dominant languages - due to cultural, page1679 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue03,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublis