LINGUOCULTURAL SPECIFICITES IN THE TRANSLATION OF NATIONAL - CULTURAL ARCHAISMS IN UZBEK AND FRENCH LANGUAGES

Аннотация

Ushbu maqolada o‘zbek va fransuz tillaridagi milliy-madaniy arxaizmlarni tarjima qilishda lingvomadaniy jihatlarni tahlil qilishga qaratilgan . Unda arxaizmlarning lingvistik ta’riflari, madaniy ahamiyati va ularning tarjimada mazmunni saqlashdagi qiyinchiliklari haqida so‘z yuritiladi. Misollar asosida transliteratsiya, ekvivalentlar va izohlash kabi samarali usullar ko‘rsatilib, arxaizmlarning milliy mentalitet va tarixni aks ettirishdagi ahamiyati ta’kidlanadi. Tadqiqot tarjimaamaliyotiniyaxshilash va madaniy tushunchalarni chuqurlashtirishga qaratilgan. Kalit so'zlar:Milliy-madaniy arxaizmlar, lingvomadaniyat, tarjima nazariyasi, o‘zbek tili, fransuz tili, lingvistik xususiyatlar, madaniy o‘ziga xoslik, tarjima usullari, arxaizmlarni izohlash, mentalitetva tarix. Aннотация:Статья исследует лингвокультурные аспекты перевода национально- культурных архаизмов между узбекским и французским языками. Обсуждаются их лингвистическиеопределения, культурное значениеи проблемы сохранения этих нюансов при переводе. На основе примеров исследование подчеркивает эффективные методы, такие как транслитерация, эквиваленты и аннотации, акцентируя внимание на важности архаизмов для отражения национального менталитета и истории. Цель исследования — улучшить практикупереводаи углубить культурное понимание. Ключевые слова :Национально-культурные архаизмы, лингвокультура, теория перевода, узбекский язык, французский язык, лингвистические особенности, культурная специфика, методыперевода,объяснениеархаизмов,менталитет иистория. Introduction. Archaisms refer to words, phrases, or linguistic forms that are no longer in common use but were once prevalent in a particular language or culture. In linguistics, archaisms page1528 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue03,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai are considered outdated terms or expressions that have been replaced by more modern alternatives. However, thesewords or structures may still hold historical or cultural value and are often preserved in literature, formal speech, or cultural traditions. Archaisms can be categorized into lexical (outdated words or expressions), morphological (obsolete forms or conjugations), and syntactical (old sentence structures) types. These features help to illustrate the historical evolution of a language and its cultural context. National-cultural archaisms are deeply intertwined with the history, customs, and worldview of a particular nation. They reflect the unique cultural identity, practices, and mentalities that were prevalent in a specific time period. Such archaisms are not just linguistic artifacts; they carry meanings tied to traditions, beliefs, social structures, and historical events that shaped a nation's culture. For example, in the Uzbek language, terms like "xon" (meaning a ruler or khan) or "oyna" (mirror, symbolizing a certain cultural or spiritual concept) are archaisms that hold historical and cultural significance. Similarly, in French, words such as "chevalier" (knight) or "noble" carry historical weight, reflecting the social classes of medieval France. National-cultural archaisms often serve as cultural markers, helping preserve the history and heritage of a language and its speakers. They are also important in understanding a society’s past, providing insight into its collective memory andidentity. Both the French and Uzbek languages have distinct sets of national-cultural archaisms, influenced by their respective histories and cultural developments. French Archaisms: french archaisms are often derived from the medieval and Renaissance periods. These can include outdated words and phrases related to nobility, feudalism, and social structures. For example, words like "fief" (feudal estate), "serf" (a peasant bound to the land), or "duc" (duke) reflect the old social hierarchy. French also retains old forms of addressing nobility or royalty, such as "Monseigneur" or "Votre Majesté," which are considered archaic but still carry a ceremonial or literary significance. Uzbek Archaisms: in the Uzbek language, many archaisms reflect the traditions of the Turkic and Persian-speaking cultures that influenced the region. For instance, terms like "sultoni" (king) or "bobo" (grandfather, also used as a respectful address for elders) are archaisms that provide insight into the social structure and family hierarchy of past eras. Similarly, words tied to ancient forms of governance, like "amir" (prince or ruler), also serve as markers of Uzbek cultural heritage. Both languages share certain linguistic characteristics in their archaisms, such as the use of formal address terms or titles to convey respect and hierarchy. However, while French archaisms tend to preserve the nobility and aristocratic terminology, Uzbek archaisms are more influenced by regional and nomadic governance systems, as well as Islamicculture. Li