METHODS OF WALL PROTECTION FROM MOISTURE INFLUENCE IN THE PROCESS OF PERFECT REPAIR OF USED BUILDINGS

Аннотация

The results of research aimed at studying the technical condition of buildings and structures in recent years and archival data collected during their operation show that the technical condition of most previously constructed buildings has deteriorated, and their basements have become damaged. This article raises the issue of the fact that traditional methods of protecting building walls from soil moisture cannot be a reliable barrier to the penetration of soilmoistureinto thethickness ofthewall and that anew approach is needed. Key words:highly sedimentablesoil, lowbinding, loose, dispersive. 1. Introduction. High humidity in the walls is a problem for buildings that are heavily used (operated). This problem is especially important for basement and basement walls, which operate inthe mostadverseconditions, in direct contact with soil moisture. The practice of operating buildings has shown that when the external wall is wetted by soil moisture, the operational quality of the buildings, their strength and durability are significantly reduced, since the horizontal waterproofing between the foundation and the external walls loses its protective properties. Even the most common waterproofing methods (paint, adhesive, mastic) lose their ability to prevent moisture from penetrating the thickness of the external wall after 10- 12 years. Cement-based waterproofing layers with various wetting or hydrophobic additives are used to protect the external walls of foundations from soil moisture, and this layer also loses its (waterproofing) properties over time[1](Figure 1). page1429 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue03,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai Figure1.Theouterwall is damp fromsoil moisture. During the operation of buildings, the long-term absence or damage of horizontal and vertical waterproofing layers leads to capillary absorption of groundwater and wetting of the lower parts of the walls. In this case, the moisture rise height for capillary systems is determined bythefollowing formula: H K = 4s / g r d . (1) Where s -surface tension ofwater (s = 72 ,5 10 -3 н / м ); d–minimumcapillary diameter (for buildingmaterialsd = 2 10 -3 м ); r-density ofwater (r = 10 3кг / м 3 ); g -acceleration ofgravity (g = 9,81 м / сек 2 ). In practice, the capillary rise ofmoisture through brick walls reaches a height of up to0.5m. If the wall material contains chloride salts with high hygroscopicity, this moisture rises to a height of 3-4 meters, and sometimes up to 5-6 meters. The consequences of such moisture are a decrease in the heat-shielding qualities of external walls, contamination and deterioration of interior finishes, the appearance of salt stains on the facade of the building and mold and mildew on the inner surface of the damp external wall (Fig. 2). This situation can lead to a number of serious diseases forpeoplewho have toliveand work in such buildings [2]. It should be noted that the results of studies conducted abroad (in particular, Germany, Norway and Finland) show that the mortality rate from diseases caused by these events exceeds the mortality rate from road accidents [3]. In addition to unfavorable hygienic conditions, increased humidity in external barrier structures leads to accelerated deterioration of external barrier structures, which leads toa significant increaseinoperating costs. page1430 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue03,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai Figure2.Mold and fungi ontheinner surface ofthedamp outer wall 2.Themain part.Dehumidification ofdamp walls of buildings consists oftwo stages: -drying thewalls and foundations; -restoring waterproofing. It is very difficult and expensive to restore horizontal waterproofing of external walls using traditional mechanical methods. Covering the internal surfaces of rooms with rolled (wrapping) materials only temporarily improves the hygienic condition in the room. However, such a layer usually contributes to the accumulation of moisture in external barrier structures. Because it makes it difficult for moisture to escape through the internal layers of the structure, and therefore, after such repairs, the humidity in the room increases. Especially difficult is the process of restoring the waterproofing of residential buildings that are in operation. To protect the structure from the effects of soil moisture, it is necessary to restore both the waterproofing on the vertical surface of the foundation in contact with the ground, as well as the horizontal waterproofing between the foundation and the wall [4]. In this case, the last resort is to dismantle the walls of the building down to the foundation and lay a new layer of waterproofing, followed by reconstruction (restoration) of the walls. At the