THE RULE OF THE AFRIGHID DYNASTY AND ISSUES RELATED TO THE STUDY OF THIS PERIOD

Аннотация

This article explores the origins of the Afrighid dynasty, their reign period, state policies, and findings from numismatic and archaeological sources. Additionally, the relationships between the Afrighids and the Sassanids, Hephthalites, and the Arab Caliphate are discussed. The study highlights the importance of numismatic evidence in understanding the historyof theAfrighid dynasty, as well as in determining theirruling period and stateboundaries. Keywords:Afrighid dynasty, Khwarezm, Vazamar, Afrigh, Sassanids, Hephthalites, numismatics, archaeology, state policy, coins, listofrulers. Annotatsiya:Ushbu maqolada Afrig‘iylar sulolasining kelib chiqishi, ularning hukmronlik davri, davlat siyosati, numizmatik dalillar va arxeologik topilmalar asosida tadqiq etiladi. Shuningdek, Afrig‘iylar sulolasi va Sosoniylar, Xioniylar, Arab xalifaligi o‘rtasidagi munosabatlar ham yoritiladi. Tadqiqot natijalariga ko‘ra, Afrig‘iylar sulolasi tarixini tushunishda numizmatik manbalar muhim ahamiyatga ega bo‘lib, ularning hukmronlik davri va davlat chegaralarini aniqlashdaasosiy dalil bo‘lib xizmat qiladi. Kalit so‘zlar.Afrig‘iylar sulolasi, Xorazm, Vazamar, Afrig‘, Sosoniylar, Xioniylar, numizmatika, arxeologiya, davlat siyosati, tangalar, shohlar ro‘yxati. Аннотация:В данной статье рассматриваются происхождение династии Афригидов, период их правления, государственная политика, а также данные нумизматики и археологических находок. Особое внимание уделяется отношениям Афригидов с Сасанидами, Хионитами и Арабским халифатом. Исследование показывает, что нумизматические источники имеют ключевое значение для понимания истории Афригидов,атакжепомогают определить иххронологию играницыгосударства. Ключевые слова:Династия Афригидов, Хорезм, Вазамар, Африг, Сасаниды, Хиониты, нумизматика,археология,государственная политика,монеты,список царей. Introduction. The Afrighid dynasty played an important role in the history of Khorezm, as this period was characterized by political stability, economic, and cultural development in Central Asia. Historical sources indicate that the Afrighid dynasty was formed as a result of a prolonged struggle for the throne in the late 3rd and early 4th centuries. Although the political history of early medieval Khorezm has been studied through written sources, numismatic findings, and archaeological evidence, various theories exist regarding the origin of the dynasty, itsperiod of rule, and itsstate policy. Literature Analysis. Research on the Afrighid dynasty and the early medieval history of Khorezm is based on written sources, numismatic analyses, and archaeological discoveries. In this regard, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni provided insights into the origins of the Khorezmshah dynasty page1399 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue03,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai and its state policies, while scholars such as E. V. Rtveladze, S. P. Tolstov, and V. I. Vainberg analyzed the rule of the Afrighid dynasty, the succession of its rulers, and the processes of economicdevelopment through numismaticand archaeological studies. Methodological Frameworks. One of the primary methods is the historical-comparative analysis, which involves comparing written sources with material evidence to determine their reliability. Numismatic research is used to analyze coins associated with the dynasty's rulers, assessing their political and economic significance. Archaeological studies, on the other hand, help to draw important conclusions about the rule of the dynasty based on monuments discovered in theKhorezm oasis. Analysis. In the history of Central Asia, the decline of the Kushan Empire in the 3rd century AD and the invasion of nomadic tribes in the 4th century led to the collapse of the classical period and the emergence of distinct socio-economic conditions characteristic of the early medieval era. The establishment of the Sasanian dynasty in Iran and their eastern campaigns further weakened the Kushan Empire. Written sources also mention that the Sasanians attacked the Khorezm oasis. The Syrian work Arbella Chronicle describes the battles of Sasanian kings Ardashir (227–241 AD) and Shapur I (241–271 AD) against the Khorezmians [1, p. 91]. It is recorded that Ardashir conquered Balkh, Merv, and Khorezm, while Shapur I engaged in battlesonlywith theKhorezmians. V. B. Henning, who studied these written sources, suggested that the Tuproqqala monument was destroyed during the Sasanian invasion. However, this hypothesis has not been confirmed by archaeological research. According to Al-Tabari, Ardashir’s rule in Khorezm did not last long. V. I. Vainberg substantiated this claim through an analysis of coins found in the Khorezm oasis. He suggests that in the late 3rd century AD, Khorezm might have been temporarily subordinate to theSasanians [2,p.97]. This argument is supported by some artifacts from the reign o