EARLY MEDIEVAL KHOREZM: SOCIO-ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND URBANIZATION PROCESSES

Аннотация

This article analyzes the socio-economic relations and urbanization processes in Khorezm during the early Middle Ages. It examines the development of agriculture, animal husbandry, craftsmanship, and trade, the formation of artificial irrigation systems, and the role of extended families in society. The study also explores Zoroastrian beliefs, temples, and religious symbols, including thesignificance ofbird depictions. Keywords: Khorezm, early Middle Ages, socio-economic relations, urbanization, agriculture, irrigation system, craftsmanship, Zoroastrianism, archaeological sites, Ayazkala, urban culture, traderoutes. ILKO‘RTAASRLARDAXORAZM: IJTIMOIY-IQTISODIYMUNOSABATLARVA URBANIZATSIYAJARAYONLARI Matyakubova Shahodat Xamidjanovna Urganch Ranch texnologiya universiteti, Ijtimoiyfanlar kafedrasi o’qituvchisi Annotatsiya: Mazkur maqolada ilk o‘rta asrlarda Xorazm vohasining ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy munosabatlari va urbanizatsiya jarayonlari tahlil qilingan. Dehkonchilik, chorvachilik, hunarmandchilik va savdo-sotiqning rivojlanishi, sun’iy sug‘orish tizimlarining shakllanishi va jamiyatdagi katta oilalarning roli muhokama qilingan. Shuningdek, zardushtiylik e’tiqodi, ibodatxonalarva diniyramzlar, jumladan, qush tasvirlarining ma’nosi ham tadqiq etilgan. Kalit so‘zlar: Xorazm, ilk o‘rta asrlar, ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy munosabatlar, urbanizatsiya, dehkonchilik, sug‘orish tizimi, hunarmandchilik, zardushtiylik, arxeologik yodgorliklar, Ayozqal’a, shahar madaniyati, savdo yo‘llari. РАННЕСРЕДНЕВЕКОВЫЙ ХОРЕЗМ:СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯИ ПРОЦЕССЫ УРБАНИЗАЦИИ Матякубова ШаходатХамиджановна Ургенчский технологический университет РАНЧ Преподаватель кафедрысоциальныхнаук Аннотация: В данной статье анализируются социально-экономические отношения и процессы урбанизации в Хорезме в раннем Средневековье. Рассмотрено развитие земледелия, скотоводства, ремесел и торговли, формирование систем искусственного орошения и роль больших семей в обществе. Также изучены зороастрийские верования, храмыи религиозныесимволы,в томчисле значение изображенийптиц. http://www.internationaljournal.co.in/index.php/jasass 909 Volume15Issue03, March2025 Impact factor: 2019: 4.679 2020: 5.015 2021: 5.436, 2022: 5.242, 2023: 6.995, 2024 7.75 Ключевые слова: Хорезм, раннее Средневековье, социально-экономические отношения, урбанизация, земледелие, ирригационная система, ремесленничество, зороастризм, археологическиепамятники,Аязкала,городская культура,торговыепути. Introduction. During the early medieval period, the socio-economic relations and urbanization processes in theKhorezm region ledto significant changes in itseconomic, cultural, and political life. The development of agriculture, animal husbandry, craftsmanship, and trade influenced the social structure of society. The formation of artificial irrigation systems increased agricultural productivity, leading to theemergence ofnew residential complexes in settlementareas. The formation and development of cities in the Khorezm region were closely linked to the passage of the Great Silk Road through this territory, which facilitated the expansion of economic interactions. In the process of urbanization, cities with defensive walls, fortresses, and agricultural territories expanded. Additionally, religious beliefs, particularly the presence of Zoroastrian temples,played acrucial role in theurban lifeoftheregion. Information about early medieval Khorezm is derived from ancient written sources and modern archaeological research. Arab historians such as Al-Baladhuri, Al-Mukaddasi, and Al-Tabari provided detailed descriptions of Khorezm’s socio-economic life, cities, and political structures. Abu Reykhan al-Biruni, in his work Vestiges of the Past Nations, offers valuable insights into Khorezm’s history, culture, and economy. Furthermore, works such as Hudud al-Alam contain significant evidence regarding Khorezm’scities, traderoutes, andcultural life. Methodological Frameworks. This study employs historical-archaeological and socio- economic approaches:Historical analysis – The socio-economic development of early medieval Khorezm is examined through written sources, historical documents, and the works of Arab historians. Archaeological approach – The urbanization processes of Khorezm are analyzed through material cultural artifacts uncovered during excavations, including fortresses, defensive walls, temples, handicraft objects, and coins. Economicanalysis –The role of agriculture, animal husbandry, craftsmanship, and trade in shaping the economic foundations of society is investigated. Analysis. The socio-economic transformations of the early medieval period led to profound changes in the social, economic, and ethno-cultural life of the population of Central Asia, including the Khorezmian state. During this period, a new class of local landowners, known as dehkonzodas, emerged [5, p.381]. They played a significant role in the formation of rural governance structures and increasingly influenced regional adm