THE STUDY OF RELATIONS BETWEEN THE BUKHARA AND KHIVA KHANATES THROUGH SOURCES

Аннотация

Ushbu maqolada xorijlik tadqiqotchilarning Buxoro va Xiva xonliklari tarixiga oid materiallarni o‘rganish jarayoni tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot davomida turli davrlarda Yevropa, Rossiya va Sharq olimlari tomonidan yozilgan manbalar tahlil qilinib, ularning xonliklar tarixiga qo‘shgan hissasi yoritiladi. Shuningdek, tadqiqotchilarning qarashlari, ularning metodologiyasi va ilmiy xulosalari tahlil qilinadi. Maqolada, shuningdek, xorijiy tadqiqotlarning ahamiyati va ularning zamonaviytarixshunoslikka ta’siri ham ko‘rib chiqiladi. Kalit so‘zlar:Buxoro xonligi, Xiva xonligi, xorijiy tadqiqotchilar, tarixshunoslik, manbashunoslik, Sharq tarixi, Yevropa sayyohlari, Rossiya olimlari, mustamlakachilik davri, ilmiy tadqiqotlar. Annotation:This article analyzes the process of studying materials on the history of the Bukhara and Khiva khanates by foreign researchers. During the study, sources written by European, Russian and Eastern scholars in different periods are analyzed, and their contribution to the history of the khanates is highlighted. The views of the researchers, their methodology and scientific conclusions are also analyzed. The article also considers the importance of foreign studiesand theirimpact onmodern historiography. Keywords:Bukhara Khanate, Khiva Khanate, foreign researchers, historiography, source studies, historyof theEast, European tourists, Russian scientists, colonial period, scientific research. The political situation in the region is an important factor that directly affects the internal and external policy of the country. It can be seen that external factors, relations with neighboring countries, play a large, and in some cases decisive, role in the internal socio-political life of states. After all, the balance of power in the international arena determined the situation not only inone state, but also inthe entireregion, contributing toits development or causing its crisis. Many tourists, merchants, dervishes and ambassadors who came to the territory of Central Asia in the Middle Ages recorded and described very valuable information in their memoirs, diaries, memoirs and reports. Among them, information that allows us to study the unexplored aspects ofour history isespecially noteworthy. Among the works written on the basis of the personal memories of such authors, there is importantinformation inthe memoirs ofthe Turkish admiral and navigator. page1392 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue03,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai Seyid Ali Rais, “Mir’ot ul-mamolik”, and the memoirs of the “Moscow Company” ambassador Anthony Jenkinson, “A Journey through Russia from Moscow to the Bactrian City of Bukhara in 1558”1. The main difference between these memoirs and the memoirs and reports of ambassadors and tourists who visited Central Asia in the 17th-19th centuries is that their visit did not have a military-political purpose. Therefore, there are no signs of espionage and espionage in the works of tourists who came to Transoxiana during the period under study. We can learn this from the fact that issues related to the military system were not thoroughly studied intheir memoirs ordiaries. The small but rich work "Mir'ot ul-mamolik" by Seydi Ali Rais (1498-1563) is considered one of the most important works, as it was written by a person who was well acquainted with the political situation in Turkey, India, Afghanistan, Central Asia and Iran in the middle of the 16th century, who was aware of the internal struggles, the medieval navy, land forces and their balance, and diplomatic and military relations between states. The work "Mir'ot ul-mamolik" was written in 1557, and its Uzbek translation was published in Tashkent in 1963. The memoirs of the ambassador of the "Moscow Company" Antony Jenkinson (1529-1610) entitled "Travel from Moscow in Russia to Bukhara in Bactria in 1558" are also of particular importance as an important historical source. Known as an English diplomat, traveler, and English ambassador to Russia, he visited Bukhara in 1558-1560 as an ambassador for the Moscow prince Ivan the Terrible, and recorded details of his trade and travels in official reports. Thesereports were published in London in 1562. Published in 1937 in Leningrad2 in Russian, in 2017 in Tashkent in Uzbek3. The work contains information about the Khiva and Bukhara khanates, in particular, about trade and commercial routes, cities and fortresses in them, defensive walls, military-political situation, administrative-military officials and their positions, and simple weapons used by soldiers. Describing the city of Bukhara, Jenkinson also provides valuable information about its artisan and merchant neighborhoods, parts of the city, and the irrigation system around the defensive wall. The most important thing about the diary is that information about commodity-money and land-water relations, which