ANCIENT ART: ANCIENT ROME

Аннотация

Ancient Rome is the state of the ancient Romans in the 8th century BC - 5th century AD. Its history begins with the foundation of Rome in the 8th century BC and lasts until the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. The cultures of the ancient Greeks, Latins, and Etruscans had a very significant impact on the development of ancient Roman civilization. And for the cultural history of Rome, the conquest of the Greek cities of Southern Italy was of great importance, accelerating the introduction of the Romans to the higher Greek culture. Keywords: Rome, ornament, Christianity, culture, architecture, landscape, Pantheon, amphitheater, Replica. Rome was founded by the Italic tribes near the Tiber River and was initially a small village. To the north of it lived the Etruscan tribes. According to legend, there lived the Vestal Virgin Rhea, who by chance gave birth to two sons from the god Mars - Romulus and Remus. By order of Rhea's brother and father, the 71children were thrown into the river in a basket and washed up on the Palatine Hill, where they were nursed by a she-wolf. Ancient Rome built the cultural foundation for European civilization, having a predetermining influence on medieval and subsequent history. The modern world has preserved some architectural solutions and forms from Ancient Rome, Roman law (the cross-domed system, etc.) and a large number of other innovations - for example, the water mill. However, it can be considered that the official language of the ancient Roman state was Latin, the religion during the main part of its existence was polytheistic, the unofficial coat of arms of the empire was a golden eagle, after Christianity was adopted, labarums with chrism appeared. In 509 BC, the Romans overthrew the monarchical power and established a republican form of government. Every year, citizens were elected to the highest government positions: consuls, praetors, censors, aediles, quaestors. This period 72was quite long, so it is customary to divide it into two parts: the Early Roman Republic and the Late Roman Republic. In the first half of the 3rd century BC, Rome subjugated all the peoples of the Apennine Peninsula and became the sole master of Italy. 71 Heritage of Humanity. The Most Complete Collection. Issue №19, 2011. 72 Lyubimov L.D. Art of the Ancient World. Moscow: OOO Izd-vo Prosveshchenie, 1971. – P. 287 – 319. 152 International scientific journal “Interpretation and researches” Volume 1 issue 3 (49) | ISSN: 2181-4163 | Impact Factor: 8.2 The republic was ruled by two consuls from the patrician caste. This state of affairs could not last long, so the plebeians organized a rebellion. Patricians were given the privileges of the upper caste from birth, while plebeians were not even allowed to enter into legal marriages or carry weapons. They demanded the abolition of debt interest, the right to participate in the Senate, and other privileges. Due to the fact that their military role in the country increased, the patricians had to make concessions, and by the end of the 3rd century BC, the plebeians had the same rights and opportunities as the "upper caste". As a result of the plebeians' struggle for their rights, the two main classes of the Romans were equalized in rights and formed a single civil society. From then on, the Romans became more united. In the 3rd century BC, Rome began a struggle with Carthage for dominance in the Mediterranean. During the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, Rome won and became the strongest state in the Mediterranean. Overseas territories were formed - provinces, which were governed by proconsuls, praetors appointed by the Senate. Having turned into a powerful slave state, Rome managed to defeat its strong neighbors - the Macedonian and Pontic kingdoms, suppressed the slave rebellion led by Spartacus, and subjugated Gaul by force of Julius Caesar's legions. But in the 3rd century AD, the first signs of the decline of slavery appeared. Gradually, the exploitation of slaves was replaced by the exploitation of dependent farmers, and the first shoots of feudal relations appeared. State power weakened. The Great Empire was divided into two parts: the Western Roman Empire with its capital in Rome and the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) with its capital in Constantinople. In the middle of the 1st century BC, the Christian religion was formed on the lands of the Roman province of Judea. Having emerged as a religion of the oppressed, Christianity eventually captured the consciousness of various strata of the population and spread throughout the empire. The culture of Ancient Rome is characterized by increasing individualism. The individual increasingly begins to oppose himself to the state, traditional ancient ideals are rethought and criticized, and society becomes more open to external influences. The worldview of the early Romans was characterized by: I. a sense of oneself as a free citizen, consciously choosing and performing one's actions; II. a sense of