OBESITY PANDEMIC OF THE 21ST CENTURY

Аннотация

Obesity is one of the so-called "diseases of civilization", which also include cardiovascular diseases, malignant tumors, neuropsychiatric disorders, injuries, metabolic diseases (diabetes, gout). Thus, obesity is currently the scourge of developed and developing countries. Keywords: obesity, epidemiology, body mass index, steroids, insulin ПАНДЕМИЯ ОЖИРЕНИЯ XXI ВЕКА Аннотация. Ожирение — одна из так называемых «болезней цивилизации», к которым также относятся сердечно-сосудистые заболевания, злокачественные опухоли, нервно-психические расстройства, травмы, болезни обмена веществ (сахарный диабет, подагра). Таким образом, ожирение в настоящее время является бичом развитых и развивающихся стран. Ключевые слова: ожирение, эпидемиология, индекс массы тела, стероиды, инсулин. Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by excess accumulation of body fat, which poses a health risk and is also a major risk factor for a number of other chronic conditions that make up metabolic syndrome. Obesity increases the risk of developing atherosclerotic changes in blood vessels, hypertension, heart attacks and strokes, diabetes, cancer, as well as disability in general and even death. Excess weight has long ceased to be just an aesthetic problem. Today, obesity is recognized by the World Health Organization as a non-communicable epidemic of the 21st century. According to statistics, 2.2 billion people on the planet suffer from obesity - this is almost ⅓ of the entire population. Causes of Obesity Whatever the prerequisites for the occurrence of excess body weight, almost always the basis is an imbalance between the amount of food entering the body and its expenditure on energy and anabolic processes. The body always tries to put extra calories "in reserve" so that, if necessary, they can be used to maintain vital functions. The fat cell depot is located in the subcutaneous fat tissue and internal organs of the abdominal cavity. Only 5% of obesity cases are caused by metabolic disorders, all other cases 1382 ResearchBib IF - 11.01, ISSN: 3030-3753, Volume 2 Issue 3 occur due to overeating with low physical activity. Obesity can develop for a number of reasons or a combination of them: Overeating, especially fatty and carbohydrate foods. Irregular eating habits: rare and large meals, snacks before bed. Hereditary disorders of the activity of lipolysis and lipogenesis enzymes. Diseases of the endocrine glands (hypothyroidism, polycystic ovary disease, pancreatic tumors, Itsenko-Cushing's disease, etc.). Low physical activity. Excessive food consumption against the background of psychoemotional disorders. Taking hormonal drugs (steroids, estrogens, progesterone, insulin). Degrees of obesity Currently, there are many classifications of obesity that doctors around the world use in their practice. The most common way to find out about the presence of obesity is to calculate the body mass index (BMI). It is applicable to people from 18 to 65 years old: BMI <18.5 (low) - indicates underweight; BMI from 18.5 to 24.9 (normal) - is considered optimal. BMI from 25.0 to 29.9 (high) - indicates excess body weight and the presence of predisposition to obesity. BMI from 30.0 to 34.9 (high) - grade I obesity. BMI from 35.0 to 39.9 (very high) - grade II obesity. BMI from 40 and above (excessively high) - grade III obesity (super obesity). Types of obesity According to the location of fat deposits in the body, one can talk about the type of obesity: Abdominal (upper or android) - typical for the male part of the population and is called "apple-shaped". It is considered the most dangerous type, because with it, excess fat deposits occur mainly in the visceral, vital organs, which can lead to damage to the cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive tracts. Femorogluteal (lower) - typical for the female part of the population and is called "pear- shaped". With this type, excess fat is deposited in the gluteal and femoral parts. Not as dangerous as abdominal, but can lead to the development of arthrosis of the lower extremities, dysfunction of the spine and lead to venous insufficiency. Intermediate (mixed) - fat deposits are evenly distributed throughout the body. Diagnostics for excess weight includes: Anthropometry — measuring height, chest circumference, waist, hips, and other body parameters. Helps calculate the body obesity index. 1383 ResearchBib IF - 11.01, ISSN: 3030-3753, Volume 2 Issue 3 Bioimpedancemetry — assessing the electrical resistance of body tissues. This is a more accurate method for calculating the proportion of fat in the body. Blood tests - general, sugar, biochemistry, hormones. Allows you to evaluate the work of internal organs, the functions of the endocrine system. ECG (electrocardiography), blood pressure measurement - to assess the state of the cardiovascular system. Treatment: The following methods are used to correct weight: Diet therapy is the first stage of treatment. A diet for obesity is created by a nutritionist