MODERN PEDAGOGY AND LINGUISTICS: MAIN APPROACHES AND CHALLENGES

Аннотация

Linguistics (from the Greek lingua – “language” and logos – “science”) is a diverse and intricate discipline that examines language both scientifically and practically, closely linked with other social sciences. It explores key linguistic issues, the fundamental principles governing the origin and evolution of language, and the features of both language and speech. Language functions within society, facilitating communication among its members. Language acts as a mediumthat mirrors thehistorical context ofasociety and plays acrucial role in thespiritual and educational growth and development of individuals. Language, manifested through speech, is linkedto humancognition, spirituality, culture, traditions, and personal growth. Key words: language, linguistics, human cognition, cultural-historical and social phenomenon, speech, diachronic, synchronic state, teaching methods, pedagogical practice, specific features, Applied and Theoretical Linguistics. Language is a product of human society and is a social phenomenon that serves the communication of people in society. Language is manifested not only in individual individuals, but also in its service to society. It is the main tool that expresses all the cultural, spiritual and scientific wealth created by humanity in the process of historical development, and passes it on from generation to generation. F. de Saussure begins his reflections on general linguistics with an attempt to delimit the object of this science. According to him, the position and scientific point of view of the researcher are of great importance in delimiting the object of linguistics. Many linguists understand language as a function of some phenomenon (thought, national spirit, etc.) and study language in relation to this phenomenon. According to F. de Saussure, this is page436 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue03,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai wrong. Language is a completely independent phenomenon with its own structure. We fully agree with these ideas and are in favor of studying language based on its own theoretical foundations, separating it from other disciplines. The science of language theory must solve many problems in this regard. The scientific studyofsuch important issues as the nature, essence, function, structure and interaction of the elements that make up this structure, the internal mechanism of interaction, and the principles of operation requires a comprehensive study. Linguistics must study speech activity. Because language and speech are products of speech activity. F. de Saussure divided it into linguistics of language and linguistics of speech. He made the study of linguistics of language a primary task, and the study of linguistics of speech a secondary task. When viewed from the perspective of its social nature, language is a cultural- historical and social phenomenon. I. Kuchkortoyev in his book “F. de Saussure’s Linguistic Concept” writes: “The individual who uses language is primarily interested in the current state (synchronic state) of the language, the system of means currently existing in the language. In this sense, only the synchronic state of the language is a system. No matter how important this point of view is for the science of linguistics, it cannot fully reveal the essence of the language. Language is a tool that adapts to the needs of expression. The adaptation of the language to the needs of expression is carried out continuously in the process of speech”. According to theories of F. de Saussure, synchrony and diachrony are phenomena to which language belongs. In our view, thediachronic stateof language also requires asystem. Language in general is a system of pure signs. Therefore, Ferdinand de Saussure said that “Language consists of a set of signs expressing thought.” Language is a treasure accumulated through the speech activity of people belonging to a certain social community. This is a grammatical system that exists virtually in the mind of each speaker, or rather, it lives in the mindofa collection of individuals. Because language does not existcompletely in any individual, itexists completely only in acommunity. Linguistics is a science that studies the social nature, function, internal structure of language, the laws of functioning (activity) and historical development of languages. So, linguistics is an independent science that studies human language. Linguistics or linguistics (in Latin lingua – language) is a science that studies the theory of language, which consists of independent parts called “Introduction to Linguistics” and “General Linguistics”, “History of Linguistics”. The subject of linguistics, the source of study, is a complex system with its own internal laws – language. The study of the specific features of language, the laws of development makes it possible to give a comprehensive and comple